30分钟快速入门Shell脚本编程:基础示例与概念解析

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Shell脚本编程是一种基于Unix Shell的语言,用于自动化系统管理和文件操作等任务。它由一系列shell命令组成,这些命令按照脚本的顺序逐个执行,实现了非交互式的方式执行系统操作。Shell脚本的核心特点是简洁易用,因为它们是基于命令行接口的,适合进行批量处理或脚本化日常任务。 在学习Shell脚本编程的30分钟入门课程中,首先介绍了什么是Shell脚本及其基本概念。Shell脚本本质上是一个文本文件,包含了Unix Shell能够理解并执行的命令。它并不像高级语言那样编译,而是通过shell解释器直接运行,使得程序员能够利用shell命令的强大功能。 接下来,通过一个实例展示了如何编写简单的Shell脚本。首先,通过`#!/bin/sh`指定使用的Shell解释器,这是脚本的"shebang",告诉系统使用哪个Shell来执行。接着,`cd`命令用于改变当前工作目录,`mkdir`用于创建目录,`cd`再用来切换到新创建的目录。核心部分是使用`for`循环,`((i=0; i<10; i++))`定义了一个计数器变量i,`do`后面跟随的是循环体,这里创建了10个以`test_`开头的文本文件,每个文件名后跟递增的数字。 shell编程中的几个关键元素包括内置命令如`cd`, `mkdir`, 和 `touch`,这些都是系统自带的实用工具。此外,`for`、`do`和`done`是循环结构的关键字,它们使得shell脚本能够重复执行某些操作。 在环境方面,Shell编程并不局限于特定平台,因为它是Unix/Linux环境下的标准,包括Mac OS在内的大部分Unix和BSD系统都支持。因此,只需要一个文本编辑器(如vim、nano或emacs)和一个能解释执行shell脚本的解释器,如bash、zsh等,即可开始编写和运行shell脚本。 Shell脚本编程是系统管理员和开发者必备的技能,它不仅方便日常任务的自动化,也是理解和掌握Linux/Unix系统底层工作的基础。通过学习基本语法、常用命令以及循环控制结构,初学者可以在短时间内掌握Shell脚本的基础,并逐步深入到更复杂的系统管理和自动化场景。
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Shell脚本高级编程教程,希望对你有所帮助。 Example 10-23. Using continue N in an actual task: 1 # Albert Reiner gives an example of how to use "continue N": 2 # --------------------------------------------------------- 3 4 # Suppose I have a large number of jobs that need to be run, with 5 #+ any data that is to be treated in files of a given name pattern in a 6 #+ directory. There are several machines that access this directory, and 7 #+ I want to distribute the work over these different boxen. Then I 8 #+ usually nohup something like the following on every box: 9 10 while true 11 do 12 for n in .iso.* 13 do 14 [ "$n" = ".iso.opts" ] && continue 15 beta=${n#.iso.} 16 [ -r .Iso.$beta ] && continue 17 [ -r .lock.$beta ] && sleep 10 && continue 18 lockfile -r0 .lock.$beta || continue 19 echo -n "$beta: " `date` 20 run-isotherm $beta 21 date 22 ls -alF .Iso.$beta 23 [ -r .Iso.$beta ] && rm -f .lock.$beta 24 continue 2 25 done 26 break 27 done 28 29 # The details, in particular the sleep N, are particular to my 30 #+ application, but the general pattern is: 31 32 while true 33 do 34 for job in {pattern} 35 do 36 {job already done or running} && continue 37 {mark job as running, do job, mark job as done} 38 continue 2 39 done 40 break # Or something like `sleep 600' to avoid termination. 41 done 42 43 # This way the script will stop only when there are no more jobs to do 44 #+ (including jobs that were added during runtime). Through the use 45 #+ of appropriate lockfiles it can be run on several machines 46 #+ concurrently without duplication of calculations [which run a couple 47 #+ of hours in my case, so I really want to avoid this]. Also, as search 48 #+ always starts again from the beginning, one can encode priorities in 49 #+ the file names. Of course, one could also do this without `continue 2', 50 #+ but then one would have to actually check whether or not some job 51 #+ was done (so that we should immediately look for the next job) or not 52 #+ (in which case we terminate or sleep for a long time before checking 53 #+ for a new job).