微软Windows服务器iSCSI存储部署指南与合作伙伴解决方案

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本资源是一份名为"微软存储学习PDF"的文档，专注于Microsoft Windows Server平台上的iSCSI（Internet Small Computer System Interface）存储解决方案部署。作者Dennis Martin是微软MVP（Most Valuable Professional）级别的Windows Server Storage专家，以及Demartek公司的总裁。这份报告发布于2007年6月，旨在为快速增长的iSCSI市场提供一个改进的用户体验。报告的核心内容主要涵盖了以下几个方面： 1. **概述**： - 微软与存储合作伙伴合作，为Windows Server环境开发了多样的iSCSI目标解决方案。这些解决方案包括基于Microsoft iSCSI目标软件和硬件的解决方案，以及由存储合作伙伴提供的基于其iSCSI目标软件和硬件的解决方案。 2. **技术状态更新**： - 报告详细介绍了当时iSCSI存储技术的最新发展，强调了Microsoft及其合作伙伴在该领域的努力和进步。 3. **合作伙伴方案**： - 文档列举了多个Microsoft存储合作伙伴的具体产品，如Microsoft Exchange、Microsoft SQL Server和Microsoft Cluster Server (MSCS)等，这些都可能与iSCSI集成，以优化性能和管理。 4. **部署案例**： - 提供了详细的部署示例，帮助IT部门经理和系统管理员了解如何在实际环境中部署这些iSCSI解决方案。这些案例不仅涉及整体部署策略，还特别针对特定应用程序进行了深入剖析，以便用户根据自身需求选择最适合的方案。 5. **目标读者**： - 本报告主要针对那些正在探索iSCSI存储解决方案潜在益处的IT部门经理和系统管理员，或者已经将其作为扩展或升级存储基础设施的考虑对象的技术人员。这份PDF文件为Microsoft Windows Server平台上iSCSI技术的应用提供了实用指南，对于任何希望提升存储效率并寻求在Windows环境中实施iSCSI解决方案的组织来说，都是宝贵的学习资料。通过深入理解iSCSI技术和部署实践，用户可以更好地规划和优化其数据中心的存储架构。

Deploying iSCSI Storage Solutions on Microsoft Windows Server Platform

Storage Performance and iSCSI

General Performance Comments

One of the concerns about iSCSI is the overall performance of the solution, including the load

on the host CPU, the iSCSI target performance, and the Ethernet network performance,

especially during periods of heavy I/O. Although this report is not intended to be an exhaustive

performance benchmark, some of these performance issues will be discussed.

iSCSI solutions are a blend of traditional network and traditional storage technologies, and most

of the iSCSI storage solutions are pre-configured to provide good overall network and storage

performance. Administrators may choose to fine-tune various advanced network and storage

settings for additional performance or configuration purposes.

The implementations discussed for the various iSCSI target solutions were intentionally

disparate to illustrate the variety of ways in which iSCSI targets can be deployed and the

configurations discussed for individual products were not necessarily optimized for performance.

As a result, the performance of the iSCSI target solutions varied widely, due to the variety of

designs and components used. These storage solutions used a variety of storage devices,

including SATA disk drives, SCSI (parallel) and SAS disk drives. The disk drives spun at various

RPM including 7200, 10K and 15K RPM. Each storage array had a different number of disk

drives in the array. Different RAID stripe sizes were used with different arrays. Various disk

subsystem caching designs were used, not all of which have been publicly disclosed.

Basic I/O tests were performed with IOMeter, an open-source I/O load generator. The same

group of block sizes and I/O patterns was tested with each iSCSI target solution; however the

queue depth was varied as an additional data point. Some of the iSCSI target solutions

supported multi-path I/O, and where possible, multiple paths were used. The deployment

scenarios outlined below include up to 2 sessions. Although the purpose of these tests and this

report is not to be a head-to-head performance comparison of the iSCSI target solutions,

performance was measured in order to provide some general reference points for the expected

performance range of iSCSI target solutions. Some interesting reference points comparing

various types of network adapters in the host servers (iSCSI initiators) were also made. The

IOMeter test results for each iSCSI target solution are included in their respective sections.

Readers should take notice that IOMeter testing is by no mean a substitute for workload testing

and modeling. In addition, tools from Microsoft such as LoadSim for Microsoft Exchange and

SQLIO and SQLIOSim for SQL Server can be used to test how an iSCSI initiator and target

respond for those particular applications.

IMPORTANT NOTE: the iSCSI targets presented in this white paper are different in class,

price, and disk I/O characteristics, so head-to-head comparison of the iSCSI targets in

the context of this report is not possible. In addition, the tests were run with different

parameters to emphasize that this report is not a benchmark report.

Improving iSCSI Storage Performance

Performance improvements for iSCSI solutions can be determined by measuring either the

increase in absolute network throughput or the reduction in system resources such as CPU

utilization. Benefits may vary depending on the applications. Application performance

improvements may depend on the network packet size and/or storage block size in use.

Deploying iSCSI Storage Solutions on Microsoft Windows Server Platform

There are several areas that can be adjusted to improve iSCSI initiator performance on

Microsoft Windows host platforms. It should be noted that several of these items listed below

will improve general network performance as well as iSCSI initiator storage performance.

 Network Infrastructure Settings

 Microsoft Scalable Networking Pack

 Receive-side Scaling

 TCP Offload adapters

 Full iSCSI Host Bus Adapters (HBA)

Network Infrastructure Settings

Many network cards have various feature settings that can improve performance. Not all of

these features are available on all network adapters. Jumbo Frames, TCP Checksum Offload

and Large Send Offload can be enabled to improve performance. Windows Server 2003 is the

first Windows platform that supports network adapters that include hardware TCP Checksum

Offload and Large Send Offload features.

In the case of Microsoft Windows Server-based iSCSI target solutions, the network interface

adapter settings should be examined on both the iSCSI initiator and the iSCSI target solution. It

may be possible to have one side of the iSCSI communication highly optimized and the other

side not optimized, resulting in reduced performance. The network features discussed in this

section should be examined on the iSCSI initiator and, where possible, the iSCSI target.

Implementations and impacts of these features on the iSCSI target may vary.

Network switches should have Jumbo Frames enabled. Flow control may also need to be

enabled in the switch and network adapters if there is heavy network congestion. Enterprise

switches are generally designed to be used in higher-traffic networks and are better choices

than low-cost switches for iSCSI traffic.

Microsoft Scalable Networking Pack

With the gaining popularity of multi-core and multi-processor systems, deployment of the

Microsoft Scalable Networking Pack with advanced, server-class network adapters is highly

recommended.

Microsoft makes the Scalable Networking Pack (SNP) available as a free download for

Microsoft Windows 2003 Server (32-bit and 64-bit) and for Windows XP 64-bit platforms. It is

also an integrated component within Windows Server 2003 R2 Service Pack 2. This package

provides new and improved network acceleration and compatibility with hardware-based offload

technologies. Three technologies included in the Scalable Networking Pack help optimize server

performance when processing network traffic. Because iSCSI uses the network, it can take

advantage of these technologies. These technologies are Receive-side Scaling, TCP Offload,

and NetDMA. NetDMA was not tested for this report.

Receive-side Scaling

Receive-side scaling is especially important in multi-core and multi-processor systems because

of the architecture of the NDIS 5.1 miniport drivers. Without the SNP and Receive-side Scaling,

multi-processor and multi-core Windows 2003 Server systems route all incoming network traffic

interrupts to exactly one processor core, resulting in limited scalability, regardless of the number

of processors or processor cores in the system. With SNP and Receive-side Scaling and the

NDIS 5.2 miniport driver, incoming network traffic interrupts are distributed among the

processors and processor cores on the computer. Receive-side Scaling-capable network

Deploying iSCSI Storage Solutions on Microsoft Windows Server Platform

adapters are now available, and are required to take advantage of this feature. Support for this

feature is currently found in some, but not all server-class network adapters.

The Scalable Networking Pack monitors network adapters for Receive-side Scaling capabilities.

If a network adapter supports Receive-side Scaling, the Scalable Networking Pack uses this

capability across all TCP connections, including connections that are offloaded through TCP

Offload.

TCP Offload Adapters

TCP Chimney is the Microsoft Windows Server term for offloading the TCP protocol stack into

network interface adapters. Network adapters that support this feature are also known as

TCP/IP Offload Engines (TOE). TCP Chimney is an operating system interface to advanced

Ethernet network adapters that can completely manage TCP data transfer, including

acknowledgement processing and TCP segmentation and reassembly.

Full iSCSI Host Bus Adapters (HBA)

Another approach to use for offloading CPU processing cycles is to combine the iSCSI initiator

and the full TCP processing onto one adapter card and perform all these functions in hardware.

This work performed for this report used the Microsoft iSCSI software initiator for all examples,

so iSCSI HBAs were not used, but many models are supported on Windows Servers.

Performance Result Summary by Initiator Network Adapter Type

Although this report is not a full performance benchmark, several performance measurements

were taken using various network adapters with the same I/O workloads.

Ethernet network adapters are one important component of an iSCSI storage solution. It should

be noted that best practices recommend that a true server-class network adapter should

be used for iSCSI storage applications. The low-cost network adapter listed below that was

used in these tests is not a true server-class network adapter, but was used only as a point of

reference. This truly shows the importance of server-class network adapters in iSCSI

deployments.

Three different types of Gigabit Ethernet network adapters were used for these tests. Two low-

cost network adapters were deployed, each with one port. The advanced network adapter and

the TCP Offload adapter are dual-port, server-class network adapters. The low-cost network

adapters used in this report are available for the least cost, but are not recommended for

iSCSI storage solutions. The advanced network adapters are available for a mid-range price.

The TCP Offload adapters are, by comparison, more expensive. The three types of network

adapters used in the Demartek lab were:

 Low-cost network adapter: NetGear

GA-311

 Advanced network adapter supporting Receive-side Scaling: Intel

Pro/1000 PT

 TCP Offload network adapter: Alacritech

SEN2002XT

The CPU usage on the dual-core, single processor server using the low-cost network adapter,

without the Scalable Networking Pack was significantly skewed toward the first core with very

little activity on the second core, especially during read operations. When SNP was installed

and the advanced network adapter and the TCP Offload adapter were each used, the dual-core

processor server exhibited a lower and more evenly balanced CPU utilization. The following

Task Manager snapshots highlight the differences for light to moderate workloads using a mid-

range iSCSI target solution.

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