C# 5.0与.NET 4.5框架深度解析：最新技术洞察

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《C# 5.0与.NET 4.5框架：专业指南》第六版由Andrew Troelsen撰写，全面深入地探讨了C# 5.0语言和.NET 4.5 Framework的最新技术。本书旨在帮助开发者充分利用这些新一代的技术，提升编程效率和应用程序性能。 C# 5.0是Microsoft.NET框架的重要更新，它引入了许多关键特性，包括但不限于： 1. **Lambda表达式**：C# 5.0 引入了更简洁、可读性强的语法来表示匿名函数，使得处理集合操作、事件处理和其他函数式编程场景更为便捷。 2. **动态类型和类型推断**：通过`dynamic`关键字，开发人员可以避免硬编码类型，提高了代码的灵活性。同时，编译器能够自动推断类型，减少了类型转换的繁琐。 3. **空值条件运算符`??`**：这是一种安全的null检查机制，允许在赋值时提供默认值，避免因空引用异常而引发的错误。 4. **字符串方法增强**：提供了新的字符串处理函数，如`string.Join`，使得字符串操作更加高效。 5. **元组（Tuples）**：C# 5.0引入了元组类型，可以存储多个不同类型的数据值，简化了数据返回和传递的方式。 6. **async/await**：异步编程模型的改进，使得编写并发和非阻塞代码更为直观，提高了程序的响应性和用户体验。 .NET 4.5 Framework则进一步提升了平台的性能和稳定性，包括： 1. **改进的内存管理**：通过垃圾回收器优化，提高了内存利用效率，减少内存泄漏的可能性。 2. **Windows Store应用程序支持**：为开发Windows 8应用提供了基础，包括XAML用户界面和原生代码的混合编程能力。 3. **System.Threading.Tasks Parallel Library (TPL)增强**：加强了并行计算的支持，使得多核处理器的性能得以充分发挥。 4. **Web API**：作为ASP.NET框架的一部分，Web API简化了构建RESTful服务的开发过程。 5. **改进的IIS Express**：开发和测试Web应用程序时，提供更快捷、轻量级的Web服务器环境。 6. **NuGet包管理器**：增强了依赖项管理和包发布功能，简化了软件开发的生命周期管理。该书不仅涵盖了C# 5.0的核心语法和.NET 4.5的新特性，还包含了大量的实战案例和专家见解，适合初级到高级的.NET开发者进行深入学习和实践。通过阅读这本书，读者将能够掌握最新的.NET技术，提升开发技能，适应不断发展的软件行业需求。

 CONTENTS

xiv

Overriding System.Object.ToString() .................................................................................................... 247

Overriding System.Object.Equals() ....................................................................................................... 247

Overriding System.Object.GetHashCode() ............................................................................................ 248

Testing Your Modified Person Class ..................................................................................................... 249

The Static Members of System.Object ................................................................................................. 250

Summary .......................................................................................................................250

 Chapter 7: Understanding Structured Exception Handling .................................253

Ode to Errors, Bugs, and Exceptions .............................................................................253

The Role of .NET Exception Handling.............................................................................254

The Building Blocks of .NET Exception Handling.................................................................................. 255

The System.Exception Base Class........................................................................................................ 255

The Simplest Possible Example.....................................................................................257

Throwing a General Exception.............................................................................................................. 259

Catching Exceptions ............................................................................................................................. 260

Configuring the State of an Exception ...........................................................................261

The TargetSite Property........................................................................................................................ 261

The StackTrace Property ...................................................................................................................... 262

The HelpLink Property .......................................................................................................................... 263

The Data Property................................................................................................................................. 264

System-Level Exceptions (System.SystemException) ...................................................266

Application-Level Exceptions (System.ApplicationException) .......................................266

Building Custom Exceptions, Take One ................................................................................................ 267

Building Custom Exceptions, Take Two................................................................................................ 269

Building Custom Exceptions, Take Three ............................................................................................. 269

Processing Multiple Exceptions.....................................................................................271

General catch Statements .................................................................................................................... 274

Rethrowing Exceptions......................................................................................................................... 274

 CONTENTS

Inner Exceptions................................................................................................................................... 275

The finally Block ................................................................................................................................... 276

Who Is Throwing What?.................................................................................................277

The Result of Unhandled Exceptions .............................................................................277

Debugging Unhandled Exceptions Using Visual Studio .................................................278

Summary .......................................................................................................................280

 Chapter 8: Working with Interfaces....................................................................281

Understanding Interface Types......................................................................................281

Interface Types vs. Abstract Base Classes........................................................................................... 282

Defining Custom Interfaces ...........................................................................................284

Implementing an Interface.............................................................................................286

Invoking Interface Members at the Object Level ...........................................................288

Obtaining Interface References: The as Keyword ................................................................................ 289

Obtaining Interface References: The is Keyword ................................................................................. 290

Interfaces As Parameters ..............................................................................................291

Interfaces As Return Values...........................................................................................293

Arrays of Interface Types...............................................................................................294

Implementing Interfaces Using Visual Studio ................................................................295

Explicit Interface Implementation..................................................................................296

Designing Interface Hierarchies ....................................................................................299

Multiple Inheritance with Interface Types ............................................................................................ 300

The IEnumerable and IEnumerator Interfaces ...............................................................302

Building Iterator Methods with the yield Keyword ............................................................................... 305

Building a Named Iterator..................................................................................................................... 306

The ICloneable Interface................................................................................................308

A More Elaborate Cloning Example ...................................................................................................... 310

 CONTENTS

xvi

The IComparable Interface ............................................................................................313

Specifying Multiple Sort Orders with IComparer .................................................................................. 316

Custom Properties and Custom Sort Types .......................................................................................... 317

Summary .......................................................................................................................318

 Part IV: Advanced C# Programming ...................................................................319

 Chapter 9: Collections and Generics...................................................................321

The Motivation for Collection Classes............................................................................321

The System.Collections Namespace .................................................................................................... 323

A Survey of System.Collections.Specialized Namespace..................................................................... 325

The Problems of Nongeneric Collections.......................................................................326

The Issue of Performance..................................................................................................................... 326

The Issue of Type Safety ...................................................................................................................... 330

A First Look at Generic Collections....................................................................................................... 333

The Role of Generic Type Parameters ...........................................................................334

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Classes/Structures............................................................... 335

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Members.............................................................................. 336

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Interfaces ............................................................................. 337

The System.Collections.Generic Namespace ................................................................338

Understanding Collection Initialization Syntax ..................................................................................... 340

Working with the List<T> Class ........................................................................................................... 341

Working with the Stack<T> Class........................................................................................................ 342

Working with the Queue<T> Class....................................................................................................... 343

Working with the SortedSet<T> Class ................................................................................................. 345

The System.Collections.ObjectModel Namespace.........................................................346

Working with ObservableCollection<T>............................................................................................... 347

Creating Custom Generic Methods ................................................................................349

Inference of Type Parameters .............................................................................................................. 351

 CONTENTS

xvii

Creating Custom Generic Structures and Classes .........................................................353

The default Keyword in Generic Code .................................................................................................. 354

Constraining Type Parameters ......................................................................................355

Examples Using the where Keyword .................................................................................................... 356

The Lack of Operator Constraints......................................................................................................... 357

Summary .......................................................................................................................358

 Chapter 10: Delegates, Events, and Lambda Expressions ..................................359

Understanding the .NET Delegate Type .........................................................................359

Defining a Delegate Type in C# ............................................................................................................ 360

The System.MulticastDelegate and System.Delegate Base Classes.................................................... 362

The Simplest Possible Delegate Example......................................................................364

Investigating a Delegate Object............................................................................................................ 365

Sending Object State Notifications Using Delegates .....................................................367

Enabling Multicasting ........................................................................................................................... 370

Removing Targets from a Delegate’s Invocation List ........................................................................... 371

Method Group Conversion Syntax ........................................................................................................ 372

Understanding Generic Delegates .................................................................................374

The Generic Action<> and Func<> Delegates..................................................................................... 375

Understanding C# Events...............................................................................................378

The C# event Keyword.......................................................................................................................... 379

Events Under the Hood ......................................................................................................................... 380

Listening to Incoming Events ............................................................................................................... 381

Simplifying Event Registration Using Visual Studio.............................................................................. 383

Creating Custom Event Arguments....................................................................................................... 384

The Generic EventHandler<T> Delegate .............................................................................................. 386

Understanding C# Anonymous Methods........................................................................387

Accessing Local Variables .................................................................................................................... 389

 CONTENTS

xviii

Understanding Lambda Expressions .............................................................................390

Dissecting a Lambda Expression.......................................................................................................... 393

Processing Arguments Within Multiple Statements ............................................................................. 394

Lambda Expressions with Multiple (or Zero) Parameters..................................................................... 395

Retrofitting the CarEvents Example Using Lambda Expressions.......................................................... 396

Summary .......................................................................................................................397

 Chapter 11: Advanced C# Language Features ....................................................399

Understanding Indexer Methods....................................................................................399

Indexing Data Using String Values........................................................................................................ 401

Overloading Indexer Methods............................................................................................................... 403

Indexers with Multiple Dimensions ...................................................................................................... 403

Indexer Definitions on Interface Types ................................................................................................. 404

Understanding Operator Overloading ............................................................................404

Overloading Binary Operators............................................................................................................... 405

And What of the += and –+ Operators?............................................................................................... 408

Overloading Unary Operators................................................................................................................ 408

Overloading Equality Operators ............................................................................................................ 409

Overloading Comparison Operators...................................................................................................... 410

Final Thoughts Regarding Operator Overloading.................................................................................. 411

Understanding Custom Type Conversions .....................................................................412

Recall: Numerical Conversions............................................................................................................. 412

Recall: Conversions Among Related Class Types................................................................................. 412

Creating Custom Conversion Routines ................................................................................................. 413

Additional Explicit Conversions for the Square Type ............................................................................ 416

Defining Implicit Conversion Routines.................................................................................................. 417

Understanding Extension Methods ................................................................................418

Defining Extension Methods ................................................................................................................. 418

Invoking Extension Methods................................................................................................................. 420

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