HTML5基础教程：PDF版

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"HTML5教程PDF文档，适合网页初学者学习HTML5基础知识" 在HTML5教程中，了解HTML5文档结构以及如何设置HTTP头是非常重要的基础。HTML5是超文本标记语言的最新版本，它引入了许多新特性，改进了网页内容的结构化表示，以及对多媒体的支持。 HTML5文档结构主要包括以下部分： 1. `<!DOCTYPE html>`: 这个声明告知浏览器文档使用的是HTML5标准。 2. `<html>`元素：整个HTML文档的根元素。 3. `<head>`元素：包含文档元数据，如字符编码、页面标题、样式表链接等。 4. `<body>`元素：文档的实际内容所在，包括标题、段落、图像、链接等。 HTTP头对于正确呈现HTML5文档至关重要。在描述中提到的HTTP头示例展示了如何控制HTML5文档的显示方式： 1. `Content-Type: application/xhtml+xml;charset=UTF-8`: 这个头定义了文档类型为XHTML 1.0，并指定字符编码为UTF-8。对于非XML用户代理（如旧版浏览器），建议同时在Content-Type头中包含字符集信息。 2. `Cache-Control: max-age=120`: 控制缓存策略，设置文档的有效期为120秒。 3. `X-UA-Compatible: IE=8`: 这是微软特有的兼容性头，指示IE浏览器使用特定的渲染模式（这里是IE8的标准模式）。设置`Content-Type`通常通过编程语言的API来完成，对于静态网页，可以修改`.htaccess`文件来发送正确的HTTP头。例如，添加以下代码： ``` DirectoryIndex index.html ErrorDocument 404 /error.html AddType application/xhtml+xml;charset=UTF-8 html ``` 一个简单的HTML5页面代码可能如下所示： ```html <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>我的第一个HTML5页面</title> </head> <body> <h1>Hello, World!</h1> </body> </html> ``` 这个示例中，`<meta>`标签设置了页面的字符编码，`<title>`标签定义了页面标题，而`<h1>`元素则创建了一个一级标题。学习HTML5不仅需要理解这些基本结构，还需要掌握新元素如`<section>`, `<article>`, `<header>`, `<footer>`, `<nav>`等，它们帮助创建更加语义化的网页。此外，还有新的API如Canvas、SVG、Web Storage、Web Workers等，它们扩展了HTML5的功能，使开发者能够创建富交互性的网页应用。

This is an automatically-generated printer-friendly PDF version of the HTML web page at HTML 5

Tutorial ← CLICK HERE to get the standard HTML version of this document.

HTML 5 Document Structure

HTTP Headers for HTML

The HTTP headers which control how an HTML 5 document is displayed might look like this:

Content-Type: application/xhtml+xml; charset=UTF-8

Cache-Control: max-age=120

X-UA-Compatible: IE=8

It is highly recommended that the charset attribute specifying the character encoding of the HTML page be included

in the Content-Type header for non-XML user agents in addition to the xml declaration.

How to set the Content-Type

If the web documents are being created by a program, the programming language probably has an API to send the

proper HTTP headers. For static web pages, the .htaccess file(s) can be changed to send the appropriate headers:

DirectoryIndex index.html

ErrorDocument 404 /error.html

AddType application/xhtml+xml;charset=UTF-8 html

The typical code for a simple HTML version 5 page would look something like the following (this is the HTML

equivalent of a "Hello World" program):

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Example Only</title>

</head>

<body>

<p>This is only an example. For more information, see

</p>

</body>

</html>

HTML 5 Style Sheets

Style sheets can make HTML coding simpler and improve the performance of a web site. A style sheet can be

applied to a web page by including a link tag with rel="stylesheet".

Various types of style sheets that can be used in HTML 5 documents. Two common ones are:

XSLT Style Sheets

XSLT style sheets can be used as a template for the "look and feel" of a web site. This provides a consistent

look to all of the pages using the same template and makes it easy to change the way a site looks by simply

changing the style sheet.

CSS Style Sheets

CSS style sheets can be used to separate the styles applied to various elements of web pages or templates

from the layout of those elements or the content in general.

Different style sheets can applied to web pages based on the type of device, such as a monitor, cell phone or printer,

that is being used to display the documents. They can be used regardless of whether the web pages are static or

generated dynamically.

XSLT Style Sheets (AKA Templates) in HTML

An XSLT style sheet provides a template that can be reused for multiple pages of a site. Using XSLT style sheets for

the common elements (the "look and feel") of a web site can improve web page load times, since the templates can

be cached by most browsers.

An XSLT style sheet can be applied to a web page by including a link tag with a MIME type specification of

"application/xslt+xml". For backward compatibility with older browsers, it's probably a good idea to include a

reference to the primary style sheet in a stylesheet processing instruction with the MIME type text/xsl.

Here is an example of an HTML page using both an XSLT style sheet and CSS:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="/site-template.xsl"?>

<!DOCTYPE html>

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