信息可视化深度解析：《视觉繁美》原著探讨

可视化

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16Introduction

growing object of study in various scientiﬁc domains. The

more of these intriguing diagrams I uncovered, the more

enthralled and absorbed I became. This genuine curiosity

quickly turned into a long-lasting obsession over the visual

representation of networks, or more appropriately, network

visualization. As I entered my new postgrad career, this

passion somehow became contained, but I knew I couldn’t

resist it for much longer. Just a few months after graduating,

in the midst of that hot, damp summer in New York City, I

pulled together most of this initial body of research into one

unique resource. In October 2005, VisualComplexity.com

was born.

Initiated with approximately eighty projects—the result

of my academic research—VisualComplexity.com quickly

grew to encompass a variety of efforts, from mapping a social

network of friends on Facebook to representing a global

network of IP addresses. Although VisualComplexity.com

has grown to over seven hundred projects, the goal remains

the same: to facilitate a critical understanding of different

network-visualization methods across the widest spectrum

of knowledge. This vast repository—frequently referred to

as a “map of maps” and depicting an assortment of systems

in subject areas as diverse as biology, social networks, and

the World Wide Web—is the most complete and acces-

sible chart of the ﬁeld’s landscape. Some projects are rich

interactive applications that go beyond the computer screen

and live in large-scale multisensorial installations; others are

static, meant to be experienced in print media like posters

and printouts. Some require hours of rendering and com-

plex algorithms to produce; others are simply drafted by

hand or use a speciﬁc drawing software.

Making this pool of knowledge available to an

even larger audience was the main impetus for this book.

However, as the book gained shape, it quickly became

clear that it was not just about making the pool of knowl-

edge more accessible, but also saving it for posterity. As I

reviewed projects to feature in the book, I was astounded

by how many dead links and error messages I encountered.

Some of these projects became completely untraceable,

possibly gone forever. This disappearance is certainly not

unique to network visualization—it is a widespread quan-

dary of modern technology. Commonly referred to as the

Digital Dark Age, the possibility of many present-day digital

artifacts vanishing within a few decades is a considerably

worrying prospect.

The reasons for this vanishing are never the same.

In most instances, pieces are simply neglected over time,

with authors not bothering to update the code, rendering it

obsolete. In other cases, the plug-in version might become

incapable of reading older formats or the application pro-

gramming interface (API) from an early data-set source

might change, making it extremely difﬁcult to reuse the code

that generated the original visualization. Lastly, projects are

occasionally moved into different folders or domains or just

taken down from the servers, simply because they highlight

an outdated model that does not ﬁt the current ambitions

of their respective author or company. As I gathered many

of the projects showcased in the book, I was surprised to

ﬁnd that it was easier to retrieve an illustration by Joachim

of Fiore, produced in the twelfth century, than to attain an

image of a visualization of web routers developed in 2001.

Overall, this digital laissez-faire contributes to the ephem-

eral lifespan of most online visualizations, and consequently

the whole ﬁeld suffers from memory loss.

More than preserving this collective effort for the

future, this book provides a broad background on the

17Introduction

various forces shaping its development. It yields a com-

prehensive view of the visual representation of networks,

delving into historical precedents, various contemporary

methods, and a range of future prospects. It looks at the

depiction of networks from a practical and functional

perspective, proposing several guiding principles for cur-

rent practitioners, but also explores the alluring qualities

of the network schema, as a central driver for a new

conception of art. This comprehensive study of network

visualization should ultimately be accessible to anyone

interested in the field, independent of their level of exper-

tise or academic dexterity.

The book opens with “Tree of Life,” an exploration

of the sacred meaning of trees and their widespread use as

a classiﬁcation system over the centuries. It showcases an

assortment of ancient representations—as predecessors of

modern-day network diagrams—where the tree metaphor

is used to visually convey a variety of topics, from theologi-

cal events to an encyclopedia’s table of contents.

The second chapter, “From Trees to Networks,” makes

the case for a new network-based outlook on the world, one

that is based on diversity, decentralization, and nonlinearity.

It explores several instances—from the way we envision our

cities to the way we organize information and decode our

brain—where an alternative network model is replacing the

hierarchical tree schema.

Chapter three, “Decoding Networks,” delves into

the science behind network thinking and network drawing,

providing a short introduction to its main precursors and

early milestones. It also takes a pragmatic and utilitarian

look at network visualization, acknowledging its key func-

tions and proposing a set of guiding principles aimed at

improving existing methods and techniques.

Following a series of functional recommenda-

tions for network visualization, chapter four, “Inﬁnite

Interconnectedness,” presents a large number of examples

divided into fourteen popular subjects. From depictions of

the blogosphere to representations of terrorist networks,

chapter four highlights the truly complex connectedness of

modern times.

If chapter four looks at the practice primarily through

its most common themes, chapter ﬁve, “The Syntax of a

New Language,” organizes a vast array of projects by their

shared visual layouts and conﬁgurations. As designers, sci-

entists, and researchers across the globe portray an increas-

ing number of network structures in innovative ways, their

collective effort forms the building blocks of a new network-

visualization lexicon.

After presenting an abundance of network-visualiza-

tion examples in chapters four and ﬁve, chapter six, “Complex

Beauty,” examines the alluring nature of networks, responsible

for a considerable shift in our culture and society. Alternating

between scientiﬁc and artistic viewpoints, this chapter explores

the divide between order and complexity before culminating

in a discussion of an original art movement embracing the

newly discovered beauty of the network scheme.

Finally, and in the spirit of network diversity and

decentralization, “Looking Ahead,” the last chapter, pres-

ents different views on the inﬂuential growth of visualiza-

tion, according to renowned experts, active participants,

and attentive observers. The featured essays cover an array

of trends and technologies shaping the progress of visual-

ization and provide an immensely captivating perspective

on what may lie ahead.

By exploring different facets of our information-

driven network culture, this book ultimately uniﬁes two rising

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信息可视化深度解析：《视觉繁美》原著探讨

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