第五版《密码学与网络安全》：深度解析数据通信与安全协议

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《密码学与网络安全第五版》是一本权威且深入的教材，专为IT专业人士设计，全面探讨了当今网络世界中的核心安全议题。该书在第5版中沿袭了前作的严谨性和实用性，将复杂的密码学理论与现代网络安全实践相结合，为读者提供了丰富的学习材料。书中涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. 密码学原理：作为核心部分，章节深入浅出地介绍了密码学的基础概念，包括加密算法（如对称密钥加密、非对称密钥加密、哈希函数等）、公钥基础设施(PKI)、数字签名、消息认证码(MAC)以及现代密码学协议的设计与实现。第五版可能还涵盖了最新的量子安全密码学发展，以应对日益严峻的量子计算威胁。 2. 数据通信与计算机通信：这部分详细讲解了数据传输的过程，涉及媒体选择、信号编码、链路控制和多路复用技术。它阐述了不同类型的网络架构，如电路交换、分组交换（如IP网络）、帧中继、异步传输模式(ATM)以及局域网(LANs)，这些都是构建网络基础设施的基础。 3. TCP/IP协议套件与网络安全：书中的主要内容围绕着互联网的核心协议，如IPv6、TCP、MIME、HTTP等。对于网络安全，读者可以期待深入研究防火墙、入侵检测系统、网络扫描技术、身份验证、访问控制、网络加密以及网络安全策略的制定。 4. 计算机组织与体系结构：虽然不是直接针对密码学，但理解计算机硬件和体系结构对于理解网络安全至关重要。书中涵盖了处理器、控制单元、微程序、指令集、输入/输出以及内存管理等内容，同时讨论了高级主题，如RISC、超标量和并行体系结构，这些都对网络安全算法的效率和性能有着直接影响。 5. 操作系统原理：作为连接硬件和网络的关键层，操作系统在保护用户数据、管理资源以及实现安全策略方面发挥着重要作用。第六版的《操作系统》可能会介绍如何在操作系统中实现安全机制，如权限管理、虚拟化、安全模块以及实时操作系统中的安全特性。《密码学与网络安全第五版》不仅适合网络安全专业学生，也是网络管理员、安全工程师、软件开发者和信息安全研究人员的重要参考书籍。它通过深入浅出的方式，将理论知识与实际应用紧密结合，帮助读者掌握在这个高度动态和快速发展的领域中的最新进展。

NOTATION

Symbol Expression Meaning

D, K D1K, Y2

Symmetric decryption of ciphertext using secret key KY

D, PR

D1PR

, Y2 Asymmetric decryption of ciphertext using A’s private key PR

D, PU

D1PU

, Y2 Asymmetric decryption of ciphertext using A’s public key PU

E, K E1K, X2

Symmetric encryption of plaintext using secret key KX

E, PR

E( , )XPR

Asymmetric encryption of plaintext using A’s private key PR

E, PU

E( , )XPU

Asymmetric encryption of plaintext using A’s public key PU

Secret key

Private key of user A

Public key of user A

MAC,

MAC(K, X)

Message authentication code of message using secret key

GF(p)

The finite field of order , where is prime. The field is defined as

the set together with the arithmetic operations modulo .pZ

GF(2

)

The finite field of order 2

Set of nonnegative integers less than n

gcd

gcd( )i, j

Greatest common divisor; the largest positive integer that divides

both and with no remainder on division.ji

mod mod ma Remainder after division of by ma

mod, K

(mod )ma K b mod mod mm = ba

mod, [

(mod )ma [ b mod mod mm Z ba

dlog

a, p

(b) Discrete logarithm of the number for the base (mod )pab

f(n)

The number of positive integers less than and relatively prime to .

This is Euler’s totient function.

i = 1

+ a

i = 1

* a

Even the natives have difficulty mastering this peculiar vocabulary.

—The Golden Bough, Sir James George Frazer

xiii

PREFACE

“The tie, if I might suggest it, sir, a shade more tightly knotted. One aims at the

perfect butterfly effect. If you will permit me —”

“What does it matter, Jeeves, at a time like this? Do you realize that

Mr. Little’s domestic happiness is hanging in the scale?”

“There is no time, sir, at which ties do not matter.”

—Very Good, Jeeves! P. G.Wodehouse

In this age of universal electronic connectivity, of viruses and hackers, of electronic eaves-

dropping and electronic fraud, there is indeed no time at which security does not matter.Two

trends have come together to make the topic of this book of vital interest. First, the explosive

growth in computer systems and their interconnections via networks has increased the

dependence of both organizations and individuals on the information stored and communi-

cated using these systems. This, in turn, has led to a heightened awareness of the need to

protect data and resources from disclosure, to guarantee the authenticity of data and

messages, and to protect systems from network-based attacks. Second, the disciplines of

cryptography and network security have matured, leading to the development of practical,

readily available applications to enforce network security.

OBJECTIVES

It is the purpose of this book to provide a practical survey of both the principles and practice

of cryptography and network security. In the first part of the book, the basic issues to be

addressed by a network security capability are explored by providing a tutorial and survey of

cryptography and network security technology. The latter part of the book deals with the

practice of network security: practical applications that have been implemented and are in

use to provide network security.

The subject, and therefore this book, draws on a variety of disciplines. In particular, it is

impossible to appreciate the significance of some of the techniques discussed in this book

without a basic understanding of number theory and some results from probability theory.

Nevertheless, an attempt has been made to make the book self-contained.The book presents

not only the basic mathematical results that are needed but provides the reader with an

intuitive understanding of those results. Such background material is introduced as needed.

This approach helps to motivate the material that is introduced, and the author considers

this preferable to simply presenting all of the mathematical material in a lump at the begin-

ning of the book.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

The book is intended for both academic and a professional audiences. As a textbook, it is

intended as a one-semester undergraduate course in cryptography and network security for

computer science, computer engineering, and electrical engineering majors. It covers the

xvi PREFACE

material in IAS2 Security Mechanisms, a core area in the Information Technology body of

knowledge; NET4 Security, another core area in the Information Technology body of knowl-

edge; and IT311, Cryptography, an advanced course; these subject areas are part of the

ACM/IEEE Computer Society Computing Curricula 2005.

The book also serves as a basic reference volume and is suitable for self-study.

PLAN OF THE BOOK

The book is divided into seven parts (see Chapter 0 for an overview):

• Symmetric Ciphers

• Asymmetric Ciphers

• Cryptographic Data Integrity Algorithms

• Mutual Trust

• Network and Internet Security

• System Security

• Legal and Ethical Issues

The book includes a number of pedagogic features, including the use of the computer

algebra system Sage and numerous figures and tables to clarify the discussions. Each chapter

includes a list of key words, review questions, homework problems, suggestions for further

reading, and recommended Web sites. The book also includes an extensive glossary, a list

of frequently used acronyms, and a bibliography. In addition, a test bank is available to

instructors.

ONLINE DOCUMENTS FOR STUDENTS

For this new edition, a tremendous amount of original supporting material has been made

available online, in the following categories.

• Online chapters: To limit the size and cost of the book, four chapters of the book

are provided in PDF format. This includes three chapters on computer security and

one on legal and ethical issues. The chapters are listed in this book’s table of

contents.

• Online appendices: There are numerous interesting topics that support material

found in the text but whose inclusion is not warranted in the printed text. A total of

fifteen online appendices cover these topics for the interested student. The appen-

dices are listed in this book’s table of contents.

• Homework problems and solutions: To aid the student in understanding the material,

a separate set of homework problems with solutions are available. These enable the

students to test their understanding of the text.

• Key papers: Twenty-four papers from the professional literature, many hard to find,

are provided for further reading.

• Supporting documents: A variety of other useful documents are referenced in the text

and provided online.

• Sage code: The Sage code from the examples in Appendix B in case the student wants

to play around with the examples.

PREFACE xvii

Purchasing this textbook now grants the reader six months of access to this online

material. See the access card bound into the front of this book for details.

INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT MATERIALS

To support instructors, the following materials are provided:

• Solutions Manual: Solutions to end-of-chapter Review Questions and Problems.

• Projects Manual: Suggested project assignments for all of the project categories listed

below.

• PowerPoint Slides: A set of slides covering all chapters, suitable for use in lecturing.

• PDF Files: Reproductions of all figures and tables from the book.

• Test Bank: A chapter-by-chapter set of questions.

All of these support materials are available at the Instructor Resource Center

(IRC) for this textbook, which can be reached via personhighered.com/stallings or by

clicking on the button labeled “Book Info and More Instructor Resources” at this book’s

Web Site WilliamStallings.com/Crypto/Crypto5e.html. To gain access to the IRC,

please contact your local Prentice Hall sales representative via pearsonhighered.com/

educator/replocator/requestSalesRep.page or call Prentice Hall Faculty Services at

1-800-526-0485.

INTERNET SERVICES FOR INSTRUCTORS AND STUDENTS

There is a Web site for this book that provides support for students and instructors. The site

includes links to other relevant sites, transparency masters of figures and tables in the book

in PDF (Adobe Acrobat) format, and PowerPoint slides. The Web page is at

WilliamStallings.com/Crypto/Crypto5e.html. For more information, see Chapter 0.

New to this edition is a set of homework problems with solutions available at this Web

site. Students can enhance their understanding of the material by working out the solutions

to these problems and then checking their answers.

An Internet mailing list has been set up so that instructors using this book can

exchange information, suggestions, and questions with each other and with the author. As

soon as typos or other errors are discovered, an errata list for this book will be available at

WilliamStallings.com. In addition, the Computer Science Student Resource site at

WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html provides documents, information, and useful

links for computer science students and professionals.

PROJECTS AND OTHER STUDENT EXERCISES

For many instructors, an important component of a cryptography or security course is a pro-

ject or set of projects by which the student gets hands-on experience to reinforce concepts

from the text. This book provides an unparalleled degree of support, including a projects

component in the course. The IRC not only includes guidance on how to assign and structure

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