MATLAB到C实时数字信号处理：TMS320C6x DSPs实战第三版

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《实时数字信号处理：从MATLAB到C与TMS320C6x DSPs（第三版）》是一本由Thad B. Welch、Cameron H. Wright和Michael G. Morrow合著的专业书籍，专为那些在数字信号处理领域，特别是使用TI公司的TMS320C6x系列DSPs进行实时应用开发的工程师提供指导。本书是CRC Press出版的Taylor & Francis Group系列的一部分，强调了MATLAB语言与C语言之间的转换，以及如何有效地将MATLAB中的算法移植到C代码中，以便在嵌入式系统上实现高性能的实时处理。第三版更新了内容，可能包括对TMS320C6x DSPs的最新硬件特性、软件工具链的优化、以及针对C语言编程的最佳实践。书中涵盖的主题广泛，包括但不限于： 1. **MATLAB基础与信号处理**：介绍MATLAB作为信号处理工具的强大功能，如信号分析、滤波器设计和频域操作，使读者熟悉其图形用户界面和向量化编程技巧。 2. **TMS320C6x DSP平台概述**：解释TMS320C6x DSP架构，包括其处理器核心、内存体系结构、并行处理能力以及接口选项。 3. **MATLAB-C接口技术**：详细讲解如何利用C-MATLAB接口工具箱，如MEX文件，实现MATLAB函数与C代码的交互，减少性能瓶颈。 4. **实时系统设计**：讨论如何设计和实现满足实时性要求的系统，涉及调度策略、中断管理、内存管理和错误处理等。 5. **数字信号处理算法实现**：通过实例演示如何将MATLAB中的典型信号处理算法，如FFT、IIR滤波器和数字滤波器设计，转化为高效的C代码。 6. **性能优化与调试**：提供优化C代码的策略，包括代码重构、循环优化、寄存器分配和流水线利用，以及调试方法和工具的使用。 7. **硬件与软件集成**：阐述如何在实际硬件平台上进行代码部署，包括编译器设置、链接过程和调试环境配置。 8. **案例研究与项目示例**：包含多个实践项目，让读者通过实际操作深化理解和技能提升。这本书适合于在学术界和工业界从事信号处理、控制系统设计的工程师，或者希望从MATLAB转向C语言进行实时信号处理的开发者。通过阅读这本书，读者可以提升跨平台开发能力，并能更好地利用TMS320C6x DSPs进行高性能实时数字信号处理。

CONTENTS xv

13 Project 4: Peak Program Meter 225

13.1Theory....................................... 225

13.2winDSKDemonstration:commDSK ...................... 226

13.3MATLABImplementation............................ 226

13.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 227

13.4.1 ExamplePPMCode........................... 227

13.4.2 DSKLEDControl ............................ 229

13.4.3 AnotherPPMCodeVersion....................... 229

13.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 230

14 Project 5: Adaptive Filters 231

14.1Theory....................................... 231

14.1.1 A Problem Solved by Adaptive Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

14.1.2 TheLMSAdpativeFilter ........................ 233

14.2winDSK8Demonstration ............................ 234

14.3MATLABImplementation............................ 234

14.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 237

14.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 238

15 Project 6: AM Transmitters 241

15.1Theory....................................... 241

15.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 244

15.3MATLABImplementation............................ 244

15.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 246

15.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 248

16 Project 7: AM Receivers 249

16.1Theory....................................... 249

16.1.1 EnvelopeDetector ............................ 250

16.1.2 The Hilbert-Based AM Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

16.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 259

16.3MATLABImplementation............................ 260

16.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 261

16.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 263

17 Project 8: Phase-Locked Loop 265

17.1Theory....................................... 265

17.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 266

17.3MATLABImplementation............................ 266

17.3.1 PLLSimulation.............................. 266

17.3.2 A Few Updates to the MATLAB Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . 272

17.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 275

17.4.1 ComponentsofthePLL......................... 275

17.4.2 SystemTesting.............................. 278

17.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 278

18 Project 9: BPSK Digital Transmitters 281

18.1Theory....................................... 281

18.1.1 RandomDataandSymbolGeneration................. 281

18.1.2 BPSK Using Antipodal Rectangularly Shaped Bits . . . . . . . . . . 283

18.1.3 BPSK Using Impulse Modulated Raised-Cosine Shaped Bits . . . . 283

xvi CONTENTS

18.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 284

18.2.1 commDSK:UnﬁlteredBPSK ...................... 285

18.2.2 commDSK: Raised-Cosine Filtered BPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

18.3MATLABImplementation............................ 289

18.3.1 Rectangular Shaped BPSK Signal Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

18.3.2 Impulse Modulated Raised-Cosine BPSK Signal Generator . . . . . 291

18.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 295

18.4.1 A Rectangular Pulse Shaped BPSK Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . 295

18.4.2 A Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaped BPSK Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . 296

18.4.3 SummaryofReal-TimeCode ...................... 298

18.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 298

19 Project 10: BPSK Digital Receivers 301

19.1Theory....................................... 301

19.1.1 The Output of the Matched Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

19.1.2 TheEye-Pattern ............................. 304

19.1.3 MaximumLikelihoodTimingRecovery ................ 305

19.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 307

19.3MATLABImplementation............................ 308

19.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 311

19.4.1 Components of the Digital Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

19.4.2 SystemTesting.............................. 316

19.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 318

20 Project 11: MPSK and QAM Digital Transmitters 319

20.1Theory....................................... 319

20.1.1 I-andQ-BasedTransmitters ...................... 319

20.1.2 AFewConstellationDiagrams ..................... 321

20.2winDSKDemonstration ............................. 324

20.2.1 commDSK: Root-Raised-Cosine Filtered QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

20.3MATLABImplementation............................ 328

20.3.1 Impulse Modulated Root-Raised-Cosine QPSK Signal Generator . . 328

20.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 332

20.4.1 A Root-Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaped QPSK Transmitter . . . . . . . 332

20.4.2 A More Eﬃcient RRC Pulse Shaped QPSK Transmitter . . . . . . . 334

20.4.3 SummaryofReal-TimeCode ...................... 337

20.5Higher-OrderModulationSchemes ....................... 337

20.6Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 338

21 Project 12: QPSK Digital Receivers 339

21.1Theory....................................... 339

21.2winDSK8Demonstration ............................ 343

21.3MATLABImplementation............................ 343

21.3.1 ThroughtheAGC ............................ 343

21.3.2 ACompleteQPSKReceiver....................... 346

21.4DSKImplementationinC............................ 351

21.4.1 ThroughtheAGC ............................ 352

21.4.2 ACompleteQPSKReceiver....................... 356

21.4.3 SystemTesting.............................. 362

21.5Follow-OnChallenges .............................. 364

CONTENTS xvii

Section III: Appendices 365

A Code Composer Studio: An Overview 367

A.1 Introduction.................................... 367

A.2 StartingCodeComposerStudio......................... 367

A.3 Conclusion .................................... 368

B DSP/BIOS 371

B.1 Introduction.................................... 371

B.1.1 DSP/BIOSMajorFeatures ....................... 371

B.1.2 DSP/BIOSThreads ........................... 371

B.2 DSP/BIOSSampleProjects........................... 372

C Numeric Representations 373

C.1 Endianness .................................... 373

C.2 IntegerRepresentations ............................. 374

C.3 IntegerDivisionandRounding ......................... 375

C.4 Floating-PointRepresentations ......................... 376

C.5 Fixed-PointRepresentations........................... 379

C.6 SummaryofNumericRepresentations ..................... 380

D TMS320C6x Architecture 383

D.1 ComputerArchitectureBasics.......................... 383

D.1.1 InstructionSetArchitecture....................... 384

D.1.2 RegisterArchitectures .......................... 384

D.1.3 MemoryArchitectures.......................... 385

D.1.4 Fetch-ExecuteModel........................... 386

D.1.5 Pipelining................................. 386

D.1.6 Single-versusMultiple-Issue ...................... 389

D.1.7 Scheduling ................................ 389

D.2 TMS320C671xArchitecture........................... 390

D.2.1 MemorySystem ............................. 392

D.2.2 PipelineandScheduling ......................... 393

D.2.3 Peripherals ................................ 394

D.2.4 HostPortInterface............................ 394

D.3 TMS320C674xArchitecture........................... 394

E Related Tools for DSKs 397

E.1 Introduction.................................... 397

E.2 WindowsControlApplications ......................... 397

E.2.1 Sample Windows Control Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

E.3 MATLABExports ................................ 398

E.3.1 Exporting Direct-Form II Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

E.3.2 Exporting Second-Order Section Implementations . . . . . . . . . . 399

E.4 MATLABReal-TimeInterface ......................... 400

F Using the Code Generator with MATLAB 401

F.1 Introduction.................................... 401

F.2 AnFIRFilterExample ............................. 401

F.2.1 BeforeUsingtheMATLABCoder ................... 401

F.2.2 UsingtheMATLABCoder ....................... 403

F.2.3 TransferringtoaCCSProject ..................... 408

List of Figures

1.1 TheOMAP-L138LCDK............................. 6

1.2 An annotated picture of the OMAP-L138 LCDK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.3 TheOMAP-L138ExperimenterKit. ..................... 8

1.4 TheC6713DSK. ................................ 8

1.5 The HPI interface board on the C6713 DSK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.1 AgenericDSPsystem.............................. 18

2.2 Atalk-throughsystem.............................. 18

2.3 The main winDSK8

userinterface........................ 19

2.4 winDSK8 running the Talk-Thru application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.5 Varioustypesofaudiomini-plugs........................ 20

2.6 The Sound Recorder program included in various versions of Windows. . . 22

2.7 A freely available sound recorder program called Audacity. . . . . . . . . . 23

2.8 MATLAB command window with the help pull-down menu open. . . . . . 25

2.9 MATLABinterfacetothePCsoundcard. .................. 27

2.10 Simulink model of a PC-based talk-through system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.11 Block parameters from the wave device in Figure 2.10. . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.12 Click on the start simulation icon on the Simulink toolbar. . . . . . . . . . 29

3.1 A summary of the continuous-time and discrete-time notation. . . . . . . . 34

3.2 Block diagram associated with the implementation of an FIR ﬁlter. . . . . 36

3.3 winDSK8 running the Graphic Equalizer application. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.4 Block diagram associated with winDSK8’s Graphic Equalizer application. . 37

3.5 Frequency response of winDSK8’s 5-band Graphic Equalizer application. . 37

3.6 winDSK8 running the Notch Filter application with r =0. ......... 38

3.7 The frequency response of four diﬀerent notch ﬁlters. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.8 winDSK8 running the Audio Eﬀects application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.9 Theblockdiagramoftheﬂangingeﬀect.................... 40

3.10 Theblockdiagramofthechoruseﬀect..................... 40

3.11 Stem plot of the ﬁltering of x with B. .................... 42

3.12 Magnitude of the frequency response for MA ﬁlters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.13 Filtered and unﬁltered closing values of the NASDAQ composite index. . . 44

3.14 One method of listening to the unﬁltered and ﬁltered audio signals. . . . . 49

3.15 The MATLAB FDATo ol for designing digital ﬁlters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.16 The linear memory concept with static memory location labeling. . . . . . 52

3.17 Staticcircularbuﬀerconcept. ......................... 53

3.18 Dynamiccircularbuﬀerconcept. ....................... 53

4.1 Schematic for a continuous-time (analog) ﬁrst-order RC ﬁlter........ 57

xix

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