ANTLR 4权威指南：解析语言构建详解

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ANTLR 4 是一款强大且灵活的语言解析工具，它在构建语言处理器方面具有显著的优势。《The definitive ANTLR 4 reference》这本书因其作者的清晰写作风格和轻松愉快的指导而备受赞誉，使学习者在实践中掌握构建语言处理器的各个方面感到愉悦。这本书被业界广泛视为ANTLR v4 的权威指南，包括 Twitter 的 Dan Bornstein 和 Samuel Luckenbill 等专家推荐，他们强调其在查询解析中的高效性和稳定性。 Dan Bornstein，作为 Android Dalvik 虚拟机的设计者，指出ANTLR 4 对于形式语言的处理能力极其出色，并且在Twitter的搜索引擎中被用于查询解析，其语法简洁且生成的代码效率高且稳定。这本书不仅提供了深入的理论知识，还有丰富的实践案例，使得语法设计到使用输出的每个步骤都变得易于理解。高级搜索基础设施经理Samuel Luckenbill认为，ANTLR v4简化了解析过程，而这本书则进一步简化了这个过程，为读者提供了全面的教程。Niko Matsakis，Rust语言的核心贡献者和Mozilla Research的研究员，也表达了对这本书的高度评价，他遗憾没有早些年拥有它，因为那时他在为 NetBeans IDE 和 Sun Studio IDE 开发 C++ 语法时，会非常受益于这本书的优秀内容和易读性。 Oracle Corp. 的资深软件工程师Nikolay Krasilnikov同样给出了积极的反馈，强调这本书对于那些从头开始构建语言解析器的人来说，是非常有价值的资源。《The definitive ANTLR 4 reference》是一本综合了理论深度和实践经验的宝典，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中找到构建高效、灵活语言处理器所需的知识和技巧。

ANTLR v4 is exactly what I want in a parser generator, so I can finally get

back to the problem I was originally trying to solve in the 1980s. Now, if I

could just remember what that was.

What’s in This Book?

This book is the best, most complete source of information on ANTLR v4 that

you’ll find anywhere. The free, online documentation provides enough to learn

the basic grammar syntax and semantics but doesn’t explain ANTLR concepts

in detail. Only this book explains how to identify grammar patterns in lan-

guages and how to express them as ANTLR grammars. The examples woven

throughout the text give you the leg up you need to start building your own

language applications. This book helps you get the most out of ANTLR and

is required reading to become an advanced user.

This book is organized into four parts.

• Part I introduces ANTLR, provides some background knowledge about

languages, and gives you a tour of ANTLR’s capabilities. You’ll get a taste

of the syntax and what you can do with it.

• Part II is all about designing grammars and building language applications

using those grammars in combination with tree walkers.

• Part III starts out by showing you how to customize the error handling of

ANTLR-generated parsers. Next, you’ll learn how to embed actions in the

grammar because sometimes it’s simpler or more efficient to do so than

building a tree and walking it. Related to actions, you’ll also learn how to

use semantic predicates to alter the behavior of the parser to handle some

challenging recognition problems.

The final chapter solves some challenging language recognition problems,

such as recognizing XML and context-sensitive newlines in Python.

• Part IV is the reference section and lays out all of the rules for using the

ANTLR grammar meta-language and its runtime library.

Readers who are totally new to grammars and language tools should definitely

start by reading Chapter 1, Meet ANTLR, on page 3 and Chapter 2, The Big

Picture, on page 9. Experienced ANTLR v3 users can jump directly to Chapter

4, A Quick Tour, on page 31 to learn more about v4’s new capabilities.

The source code for all examples in this book is available online. For those

of you reading this electronically, you can click the box above the source code,

and it will display the code in a browser window. If you’re reading the paper

version of this book or would simply like a complete bundle of the code, you

report erratum • discuss

What’s in This Book? • xv

needed to compile and execute recognizers generated by ANTLR. In a nutshell,

the ANTLR tool converts grammars into programs that recognize sentences

in the language described by the grammar. For example, given a grammar

for JSON, the ANTLR tool generates a program that recognizes JSON input

using some support classes from the ANTLR runtime library.

The jar also contains two support libraries: a sophisticated tree layout library

and StringTemplate,

a template engine useful for generating code and other

structured text (see the sidebar The StringTemplate Engine, on page 4). At version

4.0, ANTLR is still written in ANTLR v3, so the complete jar contains the previous

version of ANTLR as well.

The StringTemplate Engine

StringTemplate is a Java template engine (with ports for C#, Python, Ruby, and Scala)

for generating source code, web pages, emails, or any other formatted text output.

StringTemplate is particularly good at multitargeted code generators, multiple site skins,

and internationalization/localization. It evolved over years of effort developing jGuru.com.

StringTemplate also generates that website and powers the ANTLR v3 and v4 code gener-

ators. See the About

page on the website for more information.

http://www.stringtemplate.org/about.html

You can manually download ANTLR from the ANTLR website using a web

browser, or you can use the command-line tool

curl

to grab it.

$ cd /usr/local/lib

$ curl -O http://www.antlr.org/download/antlr-4.0-complete.jar

On Unix,

/usr/local/lib

is a good directory to store jars like ANTLR’s. On Windows,

there doesn’t seem to be a standard directory, so you can simply store it in your

project directory. Most development environments want you to drop the jar into

the dependency list of your language application project. There is no configuration

script or configuration file to alter—you just need to make sure that Java knows

how to find the jar.

Because this book uses the command line throughout, you need to go through

the typical onerous process of setting the

CLASSPATH

environment variable. With

CLASSPATH

set, Java can find both the ANTLR tool and the runtime library. On Unix

systems, you can execute the following from the shell or add it to the shell start-

up script (

.bash_profile

for

bash

shell):

http://code.google.com/p/treelayout

http://www.stringtemplate.org

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/environment/paths.html

Chapter 1. Meet ANTLR • 4

report erratum • discuss

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