低功耗CoAP在Contiki操作系统中的实现

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“A Low-Power CoAP for Contiki”是关于在物联网（IoT）设备上实现低功耗的Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)的研究论文，主要针对电池供电的IoT设备设计。该研究在Contiki操作系统上实现了CoAP，并利用ContikiMAC低功耗调度机制来提高能效。物联网（IoT）设备大多依赖电池供电，因此，协议的功耗效率至关重要。传统的应用层协议往往未考虑节能设计。在低功耗无线系统中，关键在于维持低的无线电工作周期，即尽可能让无线电保持关闭状态。作者提出了一种低功耗的CoAP实现方案，该方案结合了Contiki操作系统中的ContikiMAC低功耗调度机制，以实现高效的能源管理。 CoAP是一种面向资源受限设备的、基于RESTful架构的应用层协议，常用于物联网通信。本文的创新之处在于，其CoAP实现首次通过无线电调度策略实现低功耗操作，而无需在应用层特别设计节能机制。这一成果挑战了传统观念，即认为应用层必须有专门的低功耗功能，表明仅在无线电调度层面上实现低功耗就能满足需求。实验结果证实，通过ContikiMAC，现有的应用层协议如CoAP可以变得节能，且不影响其功能。这为物联网设备的设计提供了新的思路，即通过优化底层通信机制，而不是修改高层应用，即可实现显著的功耗降低。关键词：物联网；Web of Things；CoAP；嵌入式Web服务；能源；无线电工作周期这篇论文探讨了如何在Contiki操作系统中通过优化CoAP协议来实现低功耗通信，强调了低功耗设计的重要性，并提出了一个无需应用层特殊机制的解决方案。这对于物联网设备的长期运行和能源管理具有重要意义，尤其是对于那些需要长时间运行且电池更换困难的远程设备。这项研究为未来物联网协议的优化和能源效率提升提供了理论基础和实践经验。

A Low-Power CoAP for Contiki

Matthias Kovatsch

Institute for Pervasive Computing

ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Email: kovatsch@inf.ethz.ch

Simon Duquennoy, Adam Dunkels

Swedish Institute of Computer Science

Kista, Sweden

Email: {simonduq,adam}@sics.se

Abstract—Internet of Things devices will by and large

be battery-operated, but existing application protocols

have typically not been designed with power-efﬁciency in

mind. In low-power wireless systems, power-efﬁciency is

determined by the ability to maintain a low radio duty

cycle: keeping the radio off as much as possible. We

present an implementation of the IETF Constrained Appli-

cation Protocol (CoAP) for the Contiki operating system

that leverages the ContikiMAC low-power duty cycling

mechanism to provide power efﬁciency. We experimentally

evaluate our low-power CoAP, demonstrating that an

existing application layer protocol can be made power-

efﬁcient through a generic radio duty cycling mechanism.

To the best of our knowledge, our CoAP implementation is

the ﬁrst to provide power-efﬁcient operation through radio

duty cycling. Our results question the need for specialized

low-power mechanisms at the application layer, instead

providing low-power operation only at the radio duty

cycling layer.

Keywords-Internet of Things; Web of Things; CoAP;

embedded Web services; energy; radio duty cycling;

I. INTRODUCTION

The Internet of wireless things needs power-efﬁcient

protocols, but existing protocols have typically been de-

signed without power-efﬁciency in mind. In low-power

wireless systems, the radio transceiver is typically the

most power-consuming component, so power-efﬁciency

translates into efﬁcient radio duty cycling: the ability to

keep the radio off as much as possible.

The Internet protocol stack is a suitable solution to

realize an Internet of Things (IoT), a network of tiny

networked embedded devices that create a link to the

physical world. The narrow waist of IP can be used to

directly access sensor readings throughout a sustainable

city, acquire the necessary information for the smart

grid, or control smart homes, buildings, and factories.

The stack’s layered architecture helps to manage the

complexity.

We have implemented the IETF Constrained Appli-

cation Protocol (CoAP) [11] for Contiki, which enables

interoperability at the application layer through REST-

ful Web services. As depicted in Figure 1, we have

integrated a full protocol stack necessary for an IoT and

evaluated the system performance from an application

layer perspective.

Layer Protocol

Application IETF CoAP / REST Engine

Transport UDP

Network IPv6 / RPL

Adaptation 6LoWPAN

MAC CSMA / link-layer bursts

Radio Duty Cycling ContikiMAC

Physical IEEE 802.15.4

Figure 1. Low-power operation is done only in the Radio Duty

Cycling (RDC) layer, thereby separating low-power operation from

the application layer. This reduces complexity and follows the layered

architecture that allowed the Internet to evolve.

The contribution of this paper is that we are the ﬁrst

to demonstrate power-efﬁcient CoAP operation through

radio duty cycling. These results challenge the need

for specialized power-management at the application

layer: by constraining power management to the radio

duty cycling layer, complexity can be removed from the

application layer.

II. BACKGROUND

A. Power Efﬁciency through Duty Cycling

On typical IoT platforms, the radio transceiver is one

of the most power-consuming components. Listening is

as expensive as receiving packets. To conserve energy,

the radio transceiver must be switched completely off

for most of the time. Several radio duty cycling (RDC)

algorithms have been designed, allowing nodes to keep

the radio chip off for more than 99% of the time while

still being able to send and receive messages [4], [7].

In this work, we use the ContikiMAC RDC proto-

col [4]. ContikiMAC is a low-power listening MAC

protocol that uses an efﬁcient wake-up mechanism to

attain a high power efﬁciency: with a wake-up frequency

of 8 Hz, the idle radio duty cycle is only 0.6% [4].

The ContikiMAC principle of operation is shown in

Figure 2. Nodes periodically wake up to check the radio

channel for a transmission from a neighbor. If a radio

signal is sensed, the node keeps the radio on to listen for

the packet. When the data frame is received, the receiver

sends an acknowledgment frame. To send a packet, the

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