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首页C11标准:编程语言C的国际规范与移植性指南
C11标准:编程语言C的国际规范与移植性指南
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"C11标准.pdf"是一份关于C编程语言的国际标准文档,它于2011年4月12日发布,由ISO/IEC 9899:201x定义。该标准的主要目标是确保C语言程序在各种计算机系统上的可移植性、可靠性和高效执行。C11标准不仅详细规定了C语言本身的语法和结构,还涵盖了语言执行库的内容,包括标准库函数和特性。 标准中包含多个条款,这些条款涵盖了C语言的核心要素,如数据类型、控制结构、函数、指针以及内存管理等。同时,附录部分对语言的各个方面进行了总结,并列出了影响C程序可移植性的重要因素。例如,它可能讨论了如何处理不同架构的内存布局、线程支持、异步I/O等特性,这些都是为了确保代码能够在不同的硬件平台上运行而设计的。 C11标准并不是一个基础教程,而是为有经验的C语言程序员和编译器实现者提供指导的权威参考。标准制定者鼓励接收者在提供反馈时,不仅要提出对标准的见解,还要告知他们所知的相关专利权,并提供支持文档,以便于跟踪修订历史和避免潜在的专利冲突。 与之前的草案(N1539)相比,C11标准的差异主要通过“diff”标记来指出,这可以帮助开发者了解新版本中所做的更改和新增功能。C11引入了诸如通用数值运算(Generics)、并发特性(如原子操作和线程局部存储)以及对宽字符集的支持等重要改进,这些都反映了对现代计算需求的响应。 C11标准是C语言发展的一个里程碑,它提升了C语言的性能和功能,同时也为开发者提供了清晰的规则和指导,使得跨平台开发变得更加便捷和高效。理解和遵循这个标准对于编写高质量、可维护且具有广泛适用性的C程序至关重要。
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ISO/IEC 9899:201x Committee Draft — April 12, 2011 N1570
— deprecate ungetc at the beginning of a binary file
— remove deprecation of aliased array parameters
— conversion of array to pointer not limited to lvalues
— relaxed constraints on aggregate and union initialization
— relaxed restrictions on portable header names
— return without expression not permitted in function that returns a value (and vice
versa)
8 Annexes D, F, G, K, and L form a normative part of this standard; annexes A, B, C, E, H,
I, J, the bibliography, and the index are for information only. In accordance with Part 2 of
the ISO/IEC Directives, this foreword, the introduction, notes, footnotes, and examples
are also for information only.
xvi Foreword
N1570 Committee Draft — April 12, 2011 ISO/IEC 9899:201x
Introduction
1 With the introduction of new devices and extended character sets, new features may be
added to this International Standard. Subclauses in the language and library clauses warn
implementors and programmers of usages which, though valid in themselves, may
conflict with future additions.
2 Certain features are obsolescent, which means that they may be considered for
withdrawal in future revisions of this International Standard. They are retained because
of their widespread use, but their use in new implementations (for implementation
features) or new programs (for language [6.11] or library features [7.31]) is discouraged.
3 This International Standard is divided into four major subdivisions:
— preliminary elements (clauses 1−4);
— the characteristics of environments that translate and execute C programs (clause 5);
— the language syntax, constraints, and semantics (clause 6);
— the library facilities (clause 7).
4 Examples are provided to illustrate possible forms of the constructions described.
Footnotes are provided to emphasize consequences of the rules described in that
subclause or elsewhere in this International Standard. References are used to refer to
other related subclauses. Recommendations are provided to give advice or guidance to
implementors. Annexes provide additional information and summarize the information
contained in this International Standard. A bibliography lists documents that were
referred to during the preparation of the standard.
5 The language clause (clause 6) is derived from ‘‘The C Reference Manual’’.
6 The library clause (clause 7) is based on the 1984 /usr/group Standard.
Introduction xvii
ISO/IEC 9899:201x Committee Draft — April 12, 2011 N1570
xviii Introduction
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ©ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 9899:201x
Programming languages — C
1. Scope
1 This International Standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of
programs written in the C programming language.
1)
It specifies
— the representation of C programs;
— the syntax and constraints of the C language;
— the semantic rules for interpreting C programs;
— the representation of input data to be processed by C programs;
— the representation of output data produced by C programs;
— the restrictions and limits imposed by a conforming implementation of C.
2 This International Standard does not specify
— the mechanism by which C programs are transformed for use by a data-processing
system;
— the mechanism by which C programs are invoked for use by a data-processing
system;
— the mechanism by which input data are transformed for use by a C program;
— the mechanism by which output data are transformed after being produced by a C
program;
— the size or complexity of a program and its data that will exceed the capacity of any
specific data-processing system or the capacity of a particular processor;
— all minimal requirements of a data-processing system that is capable of supporting a
conforming implementation.
1) This International Standard is designed to promote the portability of C programs among a variety of
data-processing systems. It is intended for use by implementors and programmers.
§1 General 1
ISO/IEC 9899:201x Committee Draft — April 12, 2011 N1570
2. Normative references
1 The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
2 ISO 31−11:1992, Quantities and units — Part 11: Mathematical signs and symbols for
use in the physical sciences and technology.
3 ISO/IEC 646, Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information
interchange.
4 ISO/IEC 2382−1:1993, Information technology — Vocabulary — Part 1: Fundamental
terms.
5 ISO 4217, Codes for the representation of currencies and funds.
6 ISO 8601, Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange —
Representation of dates and times.
7 ISO/IEC 10646 (all parts), Information technology — Universal Multiple-Octet Coded
Character Set (UCS).
8 IEC 60559:1989, Binary floating-point arithmetic for microprocessor systems (previously
designated IEC 559:1989).
2 General §2
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