XEN实战指南：系统管理员必备

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"The Book of XEN - 一本关于XEN虚拟化的实践指南，由Chris Takemura和Luke S. Crawford撰写。" 《XEN之书》是一本专为系统管理员设计的实践指南，深入介绍了XEN虚拟化技术。这本书由Chris Takemura和Luke S. Crawford合作完成，旨在帮助读者理解和掌握XEN虚拟化平台的各个方面。 XEN是开源的全虚拟化解决方案，它允许在一个物理服务器上运行多个独立的操作系统实例，每个实例都称为一个域（Domain）。XEN的核心设计理念是提供高效、安全且灵活的虚拟化环境，使得资源管理变得更加便捷。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **XEN架构**：解释了XEN的基本结构，包括控制域（Dom0）和客体域（DomU），以及它们之间的通信机制。 2. **安装与配置**：详细介绍了如何在不同的操作系统上安装XEN，以及设置和配置虚拟机的步骤。 3. **资源管理**：讨论了如何分配和调整CPU、内存、磁盘和网络资源，以优化虚拟机性能。 4. **网络虚拟化**：讲解了XEN如何实现虚拟网络，包括桥接、路由和网络设备模拟。 5. **安全性**：阐述了XEN如何确保每个虚拟机的安全隔离，并介绍了一些安全策略和最佳实践。 6. **高可用性与故障恢复**：介绍了如何构建高可用性的XEN集群，以及如何进行故障转移和恢复。 7. **性能监控与调优**：提供了监控XEN环境性能的方法，并指导如何根据需求进行性能优化。 8. **动态扩展与迁移**：讲解了如何在运行时动态添加资源，以及如何在不中断服务的情况下迁移虚拟机。 9. **自动化管理**：讨论了使用脚本或工具自动化XEN管理的可能性，如 XenAPI 和 libvirt。 10. **案例研究与实践**：可能包含实际部署场景，展示了XEN在数据中心、云服务和大规模并行计算等领域的应用。这本书的技术审查者Rami Rosen可能会对这些内容进行了严谨的审核，以确保信息的准确性和实用性。通过这本书，读者可以全面了解和掌握XEN虚拟化技术，从而在实际工作中更有效地利用虚拟化来提升效率和降低成本。

xiv Contents in Detail

TROUBLESHOOTING 219

Troubleshooting Phase 1: Error Messages ............................................................... 220

Errors at Dom0 Boot ................................................................................ 220

DomU Preboot Errors ............................................................................... 222

Creating Domains in Low-Memory Conditions ............................................. 222

Configuring Devices in the DomU .............................................................. 223

Troubleshooting Disks .............................................................................. 223

VM Restarting Too Fast ............................................................................ 224

Troubleshooting Xen’s Networking ......................................................................... 225

The DomU Interface Number Increments with Every Reboot .......................... 227

iptables .................................................................................................. 227

Memory Issues ..................................................................................................... 228

Other Messages ................................................................................................... 228

A Constant Stream of 4GiB seg fixup Messages .......................................... 230

The Importance of Disk Drivers (initrd Problems) .......................................... 230

XenStore ................................................................................................ 231

Xen’s Logs ........................................................................................................... 232

dmesg and xm dmesg .............................................................................. 232

Logs and What Xen Writes to Them ........................................................... 232

Applying the Debugger ......................................................................................... 234

Xen’s Backend Architecture: Making Sense of the Debug Information ............ 234

Domain Stays in Blocked State .................................................................. 235

Debugging Hotplug ................................................................................. 236

strace .................................................................................................... 237

Python Path Issues ................................................................................................ 238

Mysterious Lockups .................................................................................. 238

Kernel Parameters: A Safe Mode .............................................................. 239

Getting Help ........................................................................................................ 239

Mailing Lists ........................................................................................... 239

The Xen Wiki .......................................................................................... 240

The Xen IRC Channel ............................................................................... 240

Bugzilla ................................................................................................. 240

Your Distro Vendor .................................................................................. 240

xen-bugtool ............................................................................................ 240

Some Last Words of Encouragement ....................................................................... 241

XM REFERENCE 243

xm’s Syntax ......................................................................................................... 244

xm Subcommands ................................................................................................ 244

THE STRUCTURE OF THE XEN CONFIG FILE 251

List of Directives ................................................................................................... 253

HVM Directives ....................................................................................... 258

Device Model Options ............................................................................. 260

INDEX 263

xvi Foreword

Whenever I do need separation of privilege on the same physical servers,

I’ve been able to get away with FreeBSD jails or User Mode Linux. I also do

a fair amount of real-time work, in which I need my code to be close to the

hardware for design—and sometimes performance—reasons.

For professional work, my company uses a mixture of proprietary

(VMware) and open source (Xen) virtualization and the results are out-

standing. Whether it’s to save money on hardware, save money on sysadmin

time, or enable new kinds of computing, virtualization is a winner and it’s

here to stay. I’ve seen Amazon and Google build gigantic clouds of virtualized

servers for their own use and for rental to customers, and this method has

driven down IT costs for both new and established companies of all sizes. It

probably saves power and lowers the industry’s carbon footprint as well.

I’m struggling to find a way to communicate how amazingly cool this is.

We try to write programs that fit into a single process, but they end up taking

a whole Unix system because of all the processes and databases and shell

scripts and file systems and UIDs they slop over. So we end up dedicating

physical servers to applications that have no performance- or security-related

reason to be on dedicated servers; but each one takes up some rack space

and some sysadmin time, and each one generates some minimum amount of

heat, and so on. Then along comes virtualization, and we’re back to adding

physical servers only when we’ve got a good reason to do so, which usually

means for capacity reasons.

Note that while I admire cloud computing, I also fear it. Amazon and

Google have their own virtualization APIs, and anyone who builds “version 1”

of a system to live inside one of these commercial clouds is probably signing

up to put “version 2” into the same cloud. Competition requires differentia-

tion and most vendors want to be different in capability, not just in cost

efficiency. In other words, lock-in is great for sellers but not so great for

buyers. Thus my attraction to enterprise virtualization—and specifically to

open source enterprise virtualization, with the resulting vertically open

ecosystem. I’ll build my own clouds whenever I need them—and with Xen,

so can you.

A word about Luke. He was a kid who lived down the street from my

sister, and she asked me to give him a chance. So I hired him at an anti-spam

company called MAPS (yes, that’s spam spelled backwards, pretty neat,

huh?), and he turned out to be a dumbass kid, like we all were at that age.

In the time since then, he has distinguished himself as a virtualizer and now,

with this book, as a writer. Xen is cool stuff, but it’s also deep and wide and

dense—that is to say, it’s a hard topic. Luke and Chris have unscrambled Xen

into the linear form of a printed book in about the best way I can imagine

anybody doing it, and I learned quite a bit about Xen from reading my

advance copy. The book is also fun to read without the fun being distracting

or dilutive.

Go forth and virtualize!

Paul Vixie

La Honda, California

September 2009

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