气泡式射线：提升虚拟现实3D目标捕获效率

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"虚拟现实中的3D目标捕获技术主要探讨了如何改进光线投射方法，以提高用户在虚拟环境中的交互效率。研究引入了一种称为气泡机制的创新概念，该机制受到2D图形界面中气泡光标的启发，用于优化3D目标选择过程。" 在虚拟现实(VR)和增强现实(AR)领域，光线投射是一种常见的交互方式，用户通过手持控制器发射射线来选取目标。传统的光线投射方法要求用户精确地使射线穿过目标才能进行选择，这在复杂的3D环境中可能会增加选择难度和操作时间。为了解决这一问题，研究者们提出了气泡式射线的概念。气泡机制在射线移动时自动识别并选定距离最近的目标作为候选目标，用户不再需要精确对准，从而降低了选择难度，提高了交互效率。论文首先定义了气泡的选取标准和视觉反馈设计。气泡的大小和形状会根据与射线的距离动态调整，为用户提供清晰的视觉指示，帮助他们快速定位和选择目标。接着，为了验证气泡机制的效果，研究人员进行了两组实验，分别在简单和复杂的3D目标捕获任务中对比了使用和不使用气泡机制的光线投射技术。实验结果显示，气泡机制显著提升了光线投射的性能和用户偏好。特别地，一种基于角度距离定义的BubbleRay技术表现出了与其他目标获取技术相当的竞争力。这一发现表明，气泡机制对于改善虚拟现实中的交互体验具有重要的实际意义，有可能成为未来VR/AR系统设计中的一个重要组成部分。此外，该研究还强调了在3D环境中优化目标捕获的重要性，因为高效、直观的交互是提升用户体验的关键因素。通过气泡机制，用户可以更快地完成任务，同时降低了因操作复杂性导致的错误率，这对于虚拟现实应用的广泛推广和用户体验的提升具有深远影响。 "虚拟现实中的3D目标捕获"这一主题深入探讨了如何运用创新的气泡机制改进传统光线投射方法，以实现更高效、更人性化的3D环境交互。这一研究成果不仅对VR/AR领域的技术发展有所贡献，也为相关领域的设计和研究提供了宝贵的参考。

Investigating Bubble Mechanism for Ray-Casting to

Improve 3D Target Acquisition in Virtual Reality

Yiqin Lu

Chun Yu

†

Yuanchun Shi

‡

Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University

Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, China

ABSTRACT

Ray-casting, i.e., a ray cast from a hand-held controller to select

targets, is widely used in 3D environments. Inspired by the bubble

cursor [12] which dynamically resizes its selection range on 2D sur-

faces, we investigate a bubble mechanism for ray-casting in virtual

reality. Bubble mechanism identiﬁes the target nearest to the ray,

with which users do not have to accurately shoot through the target.

We ﬁrst design the criterion of selection and the visual feedback of

the bubble. We then conduct two experiments to evaluate ray-casting

techniques with bubble mechanism in both simple and complicated

3D target acquisition tasks. Results show the bubble mechanism

signiﬁcantly improves ray-casting on both performance and prefer-

ence, and our Bubble Ray technique with angular distance deﬁnition

is competitive compared with other target acquisition techniques.

We also discuss potential improvements to show more practical

implementations of ray-casting with bubble mechanism.

Index Terms:

Human-centered computing—Human computer

interaction (HCI)—Interaction paradigms—Virtual reality; Human-

centered computing—Interaction design—Interaction design pro-

cess and methods—User interface design

NTRODUCTION

Target acquisition is one of the most elementary interactions in

3D environments. Providing fast and accurate target acquisition

is important in designing virtual reality games and tools. Since a

3D virtual environment can be as large as the user’s ﬁeld of view,

ray-casting [16,21], i.e., a ray cast from the ray source to the inﬁnity,

has been widely used in virtual reality. Ray-casting has been applied

in many commercial virtual reality devices (e.g., HTC Vive), with

which the user holds a position-tracked controller to select by making

the ray go through the target (Figure 1a). However, ray-casting

will be unstable when selecting small and distant targets due to

the unintentional tremor from the user’s hand. This problem leads

to many researches to improve the selection performance of ray-

casting.

Bubble mechanism is ﬁrst proposed from the bubble cursor [12]

for 2D target acquisition. The bubble cursor dynamically resizes its

selection range (bubble) of the cursor and guarantees only the near-

est target is contained by the bubble (Figure 1b). Bubble mechanism

allows selecting the nearest target without directly hitting the target,

which utilizes the empty space around targets and improves the se-

lection performance. Bubble mechanism has been shown promising

in 2D graphical interfaces and been extended into the 3D bubble

cursor [38], however, it has not been explored for ray-casting.

In this work, we investigate how the bubble mechanism can im-

prove ray-casting for 3D target acquisition in virtual reality. We ﬁrst

e-mail: lu-yq16@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn

†

e-mail: chunyu@tsinghua.edu.cn, the corresponding author

‡

e-mail: shiyc@tsinghua.edu.cn

Figure 1: (a) Ray-casting. (b) Bubble Cursor [12]. (c) Ray-casting

with bubble mechanism. The ray (in red) is cast from the controller.

The green curve is the target indicator directing to the selected target.

Yellow disc is the bubble from the user’s view, which is tangent to the

selected target.

deﬁne two distance deﬁnitions of the bubble mechanism - Euclidean

and Angular, to measure the relationship between the ray and the

target. We then design a disc-shaped bubble tangent to the target

as the visual feedback using an iterative design process. Next, we

evaluate ray-casting techniques with bubble mechanism by compar-

ing them with other 3D target acquisition techniques in both simple

and complicated tasks. Results consistently show the technique with

angular distance deﬁnition has high performance in general cases

with less selection time, lower error rate and better user experience,

and it is also able to provide relatively stable selection when meeting

dense or occlusive cases. At last, we discuss potential improvements

according to the limitation of the bubble mechanism. Our ﬁndings

of the bubble mechanism for ray-casting make an incremental contri-

bution to the area of 3D target acquisition and beneﬁt the community

of virtual reality.

ELATED WORK

Related works will be introduced in two subsections. In the ﬁrst

subsection, we will list existing ray-casting techniques for 3D target

acquisition and emphasize their features. In the second subsection,

we will introduce the bubble mechanism and show its variants and

applications in 2D and 3D cases. To our knowledge, no work has

been done to investigate the bubble mechanism for ray-casting on

3D target acquisition tasks in literature.

2.1 Ray-Casting Target Acquisition Technique

Ray-casting metaphor, often mentioned as “pointing” in some non-

virtual cases, is that a ray cast from the ray source to select targets

intersected with the ray. Ray-casting with a hand-held ray emitter (5

DOF) was ﬁrst proposed as a “laser gun” or “laser pointer” [16, 21].

Due to the intuitiveness and user-friendliness, hand-held ray-casting

has been widely used in virtual reality researches and platforms for a

2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

DOI 10.1109/VR46266.2020.00-83

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