High Power Laser Science and Engineering, (2016), Vol. 4, e45, 8 pages.
© The Author(s) 2016. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
doi:10.1017/hpl.2016.44
Accelerating ions with high-energy short laser pulses
from submicrometer thick targets
F. Wagner
1,2
, C. Brabetz
1
, O. Deppert
3
, M. Roth
3
, T. St
¨
ohlker
1,2
, An. Tauschwitz
4
, A. Tebartz
3
,
B. Zielbauer
1
, and V. Bagnoud
1,2
1
GSI Helmholtzzentrum f
¨
ur Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
2
Helmholtz Institut Jena, Fr
¨
obelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
3
Institut f
¨
ur Kernphysik, Technische Universit
¨
at Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
4
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Frankfurt University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
(Received 24 June 2016; revised 1 October 2016; accepted 25 October 2016)
Abstract
Using the example of the PHELIX high-energy short pulse laser we discuss the technical preconditions to investigate
ion acceleration with submicrometer thick targets. We show how the temporal contrast of this system was improved to
prevent pre-ionization of such targets on the nanosecond timescale. Furthermore the influence of typical fluctuations or
uncertainties of the on-target intensity on ion acceleration experiments is discussed. We report how these uncertainties
were reduced by improving the assessment and control of the on-shot intensity and by optimizing the positioning of the
target into the focal plane. Finally we report on experimental results showing maximum proton energies in excess of
85 MeV for ion acceleration via the target normal sheath acceleration mechanism using target thicknesses on the order
of one micrometer.
Keywords: high-power laser technique; laser-ion acceleration; relativistic laser plasma interaction; target normal sheath acceleration;
temporal contrast
1. Introduction: Laser-driven ion acceleration using
ultrathin targets
Laser-driven ion acceleration is an important application
of high-power laser facilities. One of the main goals is to
increase the conversion efficiency from laser energy to the
accelerated ions and in doing so increase the particle flux
and maximum ion energy. This is particularly important
for several proposed applications, e.g., medical treatment
[1]
,
generation of energetic neutron beams
[2]
and fast ignition in
the frame of inertial confinement fusion
[3]
.
With the technological progress regarding temporal con-
trast of ultraintense laser pulses in recent years, the use of
submicrometer thick targets has become possible. Several
investigations have shown that the energy maximum of ions
accelerated via the target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA)
mechanism
[4]
can be enhanced significantly by using target
thicknesses which are small compared to the focal spot
diameter
[5–7]
. At the same time, alternative mechanisms
Correspondence to: F. Wagner, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f
¨
ur Schwerio-
nenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany. Email:
f.wagner@gsi.de
based on the use of submicrometer thick targets and ultra-
high intensities (>10
20
W cm
−2
) have been proposed aiming
at increased maximum ion energy and conversion efficiency:
laser breakout afterburner (BOA)
[8]
and radiation pressure
acceleration (RPA)
[9]
.
Furthermore, the achievable ion energy can be enhanced
by increasing the on-target intensity. This problem has two
aspects: First, raising the intensity of the fully amplified
and focussed laser pulse, and second, positioning the target
into the plane of maximum intensity. For a given pulse
duration and energy, the accessible intensity is preassigned
by the focussing capability of such pulses to the smallest
spotsize which is limited by the beam quality. Especially
high-energy Nd:glass laser systems suffer from strong beam
aberrations because of the large used optics and the poor
thermal properties of glass. Such aberrations are complicated
to handle and besides restraining the intensity they also add
an uncertainty to the assessment of the achieved intensity
which is an issue for the interpretation of experimental
results.
In this paper, we discuss the technical preconditions
to investigate ion acceleration with ultrathin targets us-
ing the example of the PHELIX (Petawatt High Energy
1