"森林保护，气候守护：扩大规模走向净零"

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Forests are crucial in the fight against climate change, as they play a vital role in absorbing carbon dioxide and regulating the Earth's climate. The document "Forests for Climate: Scaling up Forest Conservation to Reach Net Zero" emphasizes the importance of preserving forests to achieve net-zero emissions. It highlights the urgency of protecting tropical forests, which are particularly vulnerable to deforestation. The document outlines the challenges of deforestation and the need for comprehensive strategies to address this issue. It calls for a shift towards a jurisdictional approach to forest preservation, emphasizing the importance of scaling up efforts to conserve forests on a larger scale. By taking a more ambitious and coordinated approach to forest conservation, we can make significant progress towards reaching net-zero emissions. Ultimately, the key message of the document is clear: preserving forests is essential in the fight against climate change. By prioritizing forest conservation and implementing effective strategies to protect these crucial ecosystems, we can make a meaningful impact in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change. It is imperative that we take action now to scale up forest preservation efforts and work towards a sustainable future for our planet.

Tropical forests, mangroves and peatlands can deliver 7 gigatons of emissions reductions

per year by 2030

FIGURE 2

Non-forest pathways

Temperate and boreal

forest pathways

Protection and restoration of

tropical mangroves and peatlands

Avoided tropical

deforestation

2.9

Gt CO

1.2

Gt CO

3.1

Gt CO

1.4

Gt CO

2.8

Gt CO

Tropical reforestation and

improved management

Tropical forest total: 63%

Note: Tropical forests can deliver nearly two-thirds of the land sector’s cost-effective mitigation potential by 2030.

Why deforestation is still happening1.3

The role of forests in the global carbon cycle is

fundamental. Unless tropical deforestation is halted,

there can be no solution to the climate crisis. This

is beyond doubt – so why does deforestation still

continue? At the root of it is economics – a growing

demand for agricultural products (especially beef,

soy and palm oil) and inadequate investment in

conserving forests. Put simply, forests are worth

more money cut down than left standing.

Although rates of deforestation have slowed

considerably, the world continues to lose tropical

forests at an alarming rate. We lost an estimated 10

million hectares per year between 2015 and 2020

globally. This means that every 15 minutes, the world

continues to lose an area of tropical forest equal to

the size of New York’s Central Park. Put another

way, deforestation claims an area close to the size

of Greece every year, according to a 2020 study

by McKinsey

. The study adds: “Deforestation’s

outsize impact stems from the fact that removing a

tree both adds emissions to the atmosphere (most

deforestation today involves clearing and burning) and

removes that tree’s potential as a carbon sink.”

Since 2002, more than 60 million hectares of

primary forest

have been lost in the tropics,

equivalent to an area the size of France. The vast

majority of tropical deforestation – more than 80%

of it – occurs in landscapes where agriculture is

the dominant driver. In 2021 alone, 11.1 million

hectares of tree cover were lost.

Of this, 3.75

million hectares were tropical primary rainforests,

and the loss resulted in 2.5 gigatons of CO

emissions – equivalent to the annual fossil fuel

emissions of India.

Last year, 3.75

million hectares

of tropical primary

rainforest were

destroyed,

releasing as much

as the annual

emissions of India

The preservation, improved management and reforestation of tropical forests,

mangroves and peatlands can deliver over 7 gigatons of emissions reductions per year

Source: Data from Griscom et al. 2017, Supplementary Information Table S4

Forests for Climate: Scaling up Forest Conservation to Reach Net Zero 9

Economics of agriculture and cattle

ranching drive deforestation

Deforestation is driven by economics, as forests are

worth more ﬁnancially when they are cut down than

if left standing. The main reason why tropical forests

are being destroyed is because forest nations and

communities can generally expect to receive higher

incomes if their trees are harvested, their natural

resources are extracted and their land is used for

agriculture and pasture.

The main driver of deforestation is agriculture

and cattle ranching, with the global food system

responsible for approximately one-third of all

global greenhouse gas emissions. Most of these

emissions are embedded in the production of key

agricultural commodities – such as palm oil, soy,

beef, and paper and pulp – and include emissions

resulting from land use change. For many agri-

food companies, emissions from supply chains

represent 80% or more of their total emissions and

a signiﬁcant proportion of these emissions is linked

to deforestation.

Global food system trends are a cause for concern.

The past two decades have seen a dramatic

increase in demand for agricultural commodities.

Globally, the annual consumption of food and

agricultural products rose by about 48% between

2001 and 2018, growing at more than twice

the rate of increase in the human population. To

meet this burgeoning demand, there has been a

signiﬁcant shift towards agricultural production in

tropical regions, which now represents 50% of

global agricultural output, up from 44% in 2001. As

a result, tropical forest loss remains stubbornly high.

What we can do to conserve our forests1.4

Reversing global deforestation is a complex

challenge, which many governments, UN agencies,

international organizations, NGOs, communities

and companies have struggled to tackle over many

decades. At the heart of the challenge are four key,

interconnected issues which the following chapters

of this white paper will address:

– Scale: To deliver meaningful global emissions

reductions through forest preservation will

require far greater ambition than the limited

scale of REDD+ projects to date.

– Funding: Between $100 billion

and $390

billion

per year will needed by mid-century

to save sufﬁcient forests to keep the planet on

a 1.5°C pathway. Yet just €19.4 billion (around

$20-24 billion) of public ﬁnance was committed

to REDD+ activities over seven years from

2008-2015.

– Integrity: Attempts to end deforestation have

sometimes been compromised by concerns

such as additionality, leakage, permanence and

double-counting that need to be addressed.

– Inclusion: Indigenous peoples and local

communities know how to look after their

forests better than anyone; it’s vital they are

included in any solution.

Consumption

of food and

agricultural

products from

2001-2018 grew

twice as fast as the

global population

Forests for Climate: Scaling up Forest Conservation to Reach Net Zero 10

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