1981年Intel iAPX 8088架构手册：详解与应用示例

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iAPX 8088 架构/硬件参考手册（第一版）是1981年由Intel Corporation发布的一份详尽的技术文档，它主要针对8088处理器及其基于该架构的系统进行深入讲解。这份手册共分为四章，涵盖了关键的知识点： 1. **iAPX 88介绍**：这部分提供了iAPX 8088处理器的基本信息，包括其设计理念、特性以及在当时的市场定位。它是英特尔早期微处理器产品线的重要成员，标志着个人计算机时代的开始，对后续计算机硬件的发展产生了深远影响。 2. **iAPX 88体系结构与指令**：这一章节深入解析了iAPX 8088的指令集，包括指令格式、寻址方式、数据类型和处理能力。用户可以了解到如何编写和理解针对这种架构的程序，这对于开发者来说至关重要。它强调了CPU的设计思想，如哈佛架构、内存分隔等，并解释了为何这些设计对性能和可扩展性有积极影响。 3. **iAPX 88硬件设计**：手册详细描述了iAPX 8088的物理结构，包括寄存器、总线接口、外部设备连接等硬件组件。这不仅有助于硬件工程师理解硬件工作原理，也为系统集成者提供了组装和调试系统的指南。此外，还可能涉及电源管理、散热设计等内容。 4. **应用示例**：手册最后可能包含了一些实际应用案例和编程示例，展示了如何在实际项目中使用iAPX 8088，以帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这一技术。这些示例可能涉及操作系统内核、应用程序开发、系统级编程等方面。值得注意的是，手册中也包含了版权和使用限制信息，明确指出Intel Corporation对其产品不承担任何责任，且所有复制或使用须经书面许可。此外，手册还强调了Intel拥有的商标权，以及其软件产品的知识产权保护措施。 iAPX 8088 架构/硬件参考手册（第一版）是当时开发人员、硬件工程师和系统设计者不可或缺的参考资料，它不仅记录了历史，也提供了学习和研究现代计算机体系结构和技术的宝贵资料。

INTRODUCTION

interrupt return addresses), the BP register

available to the programmer for whatever use

desires. The BP register can contain an old

stack pointer value,

it can mark a place in

the subroutine stack independent of the

mark the stack saves the juggling

a single

stack pointer to reference subroutine parame-

ters and addresses.

The two

index registers are the SI (source

index) register and the DJ (destination index)

1-8).

These are both I6-bits

wide and are used by string manipulation

instructions and in building some

the more

powerful

8088

data

structures and addressing

modes. Both the SI and

registers have

auto-incrementing and auto-decrementing capa-

bilities. All base and index registers have

general arithmetic and logical capabilities in

addition to their special functions.

Control

Registers

Figure

1-9

shows two 16-bit control registers.

First

the

or instruction pointer which

points to the next instruction the bus inter-

face unit will fetch. (The instruction pointer

similar to a Program Counter used in other

microprocessors, except that the

points to

the next instruction being

fetched, whereas

the traditional program counter points to the

next instruction to be

executed). The second

I6-bit control register (Fig.

1-9)

contains flags

or condition codes that reflect the results

arithmetic or logical operations as they are

performed

the execution unit.

Segment Registers

The fourth group

registers, called the seg-

ment registers, are used by the

8088 in the

formulation of memory addresses. Segment

described in the following

section on memory addressing.

THE iAPX 88 MEGABYTE MEMORY

ADDRESSING MEANS

QUICK

ACCESS

COMPLEX

DATA

STRUCTURES

mentioned, the

8088

generates a 20-bit

memory address during every memory refer-

ence operation, to address one million

(l,048,576) bytes

memory. These bytes are

stored sequentially starting from byte

byte

FFFFF

in hexidecimal or base

nota-

tion. The

8088 has three uses for the memory

it addresses:

programs, data and stack. The

8088

may separate data into "local data" used

by a particular program segment

and

"global

data"

accessable to all program segments.

Alternately, you may have two

data

areas

accessable to a given program

any point in

time.

Every

20-bit memory address points either to

program code, data, or stack area in memory

(Fig.

1-10).

For

each of the four different

memory spaces, the

8088

has a segment base

Each segment register points to the

base address of the corresponding area in

INSTRUCTION I

POINTER

~--------------------------------------------~

FLAGS I

Figure 1-9. Control Registers

1-5

INTRODUCTION

as the base, the logical address can be made

many different types

values: it can be

just the immediate

data

value contained in

the instruction, or, it can be the sum of

immediate data value, plus a base register,

plus

index register.

For

the sum

the addition to be 20-bits

wide, the segment register value

automati-

cally shifted left

four binary bits before it

added to the 16-bit logical address. The

result

always 20-bits

physical address.

Note that since logical addresses are always

l6-bits wide, you can address up to

64,000

bytes in

given segment without changing

the value of the segment base register. In sys-

tems that do not have more than

64,000 bytes

of program plus

64,000

stack, plus 64,000

bytes in each of two different data areas, it

possible to set the segment registers

the

beginning of the program and then forget

them. In a system where the

total amount

memory

64,000 bytes or less,

is possible

to set all segment registers equal and have

fully overlapping segments.

the other hand, segment registers are very

useful when you have a large programming

task and you want isolation between. your

program code and the

data

area or isolation

between module data and the stack informa-

tion,

etc. Segmentation also makes it easy to

build relocatable

and/

or reentrant programs.

RELOCATABLE AND REENTRANT

PROGRAMS

many cases, the task

relocating

8088

program (relocation means having the ability

run

the same program in several different

areas

memory without changing' the pro-

gram

itself) simply requires moving the

program code and then adjusting

the code

segment register

point to the base of the

new code area.

Since programs can be writ-

ten for the

8088

where branches

jumps in

program flow may occur using new locations

1-7

relative only to the instruction pointer, the

program does not care what value

kept in

the code segment regis

teL

figure

1-13

shows

how

entire process, consisting

code,

stack and data areas, can

relocated.

Likewise in a

reentrant program, a single

program uses multiple data areas. Before the

reentrant code

entered the second time, the

data segment register value

changed so

that

a different

data

area

made available to the

program.

ADDRESSING MODES

Now, let's continue our discussion of address-

ing modes, providing more detail about how

addresses are formed.

The

8088

has

different addressing modes'

to generate logical addresses. Figure 1-14'

shows the different logical addresscombina-

tions, from the simplest immediate data

mode

the register addressing mode, where

a selected register contains the

data

being

used

the instruction. In the direct address-

ing mode, the instruction itself contains the

address

the data. In the register indirect

mode, the instruction points

a register con-

taining the memory address

the desired'

data. There are both indexed and based

addressing m()des where the contents of

index

based register

added to

imme-

diate

data

value contained in the instruction

form

the

memory

address.

Exactly

how

the

8088

selects an addressing

mode for a given instruction

encoded

within the bits

the instruction code. This

discussed

more detail in Chapter

examine the most complex and power-

ful of the addressing modes, which includes

base register, index register, and displace-

ment in

the

logical address,

can be seen that

some fairly complex

data

structures can be

easily addressed in a single instruction by the

8088.

INTRODUCTION

FOUR-COMPONENT ADDRESSING

An example of four-component addressing

(three-component logical address plus seg-

ment base)

shown in Figure

1-15,

and

described

follows:

Suppose you're writing a program to com-

pute the payroll for a large corporation. This

corporation has several groups of employees.

Within each group there are multiple em-

ployees, and for each employee certain data

kept in a record of information. Included

in this data are the employee's address, social

security number, and a wage code indicating

how much that employee

being paid.

The task

hand

to select the wage code for

a particular employee from the entire com-

plex array of employee data. The

8088

can do

it with a single instruction after the registers

are 'set

up.,

Here's how: First, set the data

segment register to the base of the employee

data, set a base register such as BX to contain

the offset number of bytes between the

employee data base address and the start of

the data that applies only to the desired

group of employees. Next

set an index

,as

to'

iridex to the desired

employee's information within the given

group of employees. Finally,

use an abso-

PAYROLL

DATA

lute displacement value to point to the given

employee's wage code within the employee's

data record.

The

single

instruction MOV

AX,

[BX + SI +

12]

then,

will

select the appropriate employee's

wage code. To implement the same function

with any other 8-bit microprocessor would

require multiple instructions to build the

address.

Symmetric Use

Memory

Another

way these powerful addressing

modes work

that memory locations can be

used as either source or destination operand

most instructions. A single

8088

instruc-

tion can perform a logical

AND

between the

contents of a given memory address and

immediate data value, and store the results

back in the same memory address. The equi-

valent

function

would

take

multiple

instructions on an 8-bit processor such as

8080.

as though you can treat any

memory location as a

CPU

ple arithmetic and logic operations. Follow-

ing are several operations which can be

performed directly on memory locations.

AND

[memory address], 7FH

[BX + SI +

12],

IF80H

ADD

[memory address],

2500

I DISPLACEMENT =

(WAGE CODE)

I INDEX

(EMPLOYEE #N)

I BASE

(EMPLOYEE GROUP)

ISEGMENT

(PAYROLL SEGMENT)

MOVAX,[BX+SI+12];GETWAGECODE

Figure 1-15. Four-Component Addressing Example

1-9

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