Linux从零开始： LinuxFromScratch 7.7 版本指南

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LFSbook7.7 LFSbook7.7是 Linux From Scratch 的第七版，创建于 2015 年，由 Gerard Beekmans 创作，Matthew Burgess 和 Bruce Dubbs 编辑。这本书旨在指导读者从头开始构建自己的 Linux 操作系统。 Linux From Scratch 简介 Linux From Scratch（LFS）是一个开源项目，旨在帮助用户从头开始构建自己的 Linux 操作系统。LFS 提供了一份详细的指南，指导用户从零开始构建一个完整的 Linux 操作系统。这本书涵盖了从初始安装到最后的系统构建的所有步骤。 Linux 操作系统的优点 Linux 操作系统具有许多优点，包括： 1. 开源：Linux 是一个开源的操作系统，用户可以自由地使用、修改和分发。 2. 安全：Linux 操作系统具有很高的安全性，经常更新和修复漏洞。 3. 可定制：Linux 操作系统可以根据用户的需求进行定制。 4. 免费：Linux 操作系统是免费的，不需要支付任何费用。 LFS 的优点使用 LFS 构建 Linux 操作系统具有许多优点，包括： 1. 自由选择：用户可以自由选择所需的软件包和配置。 2. 高度可定制：用户可以根据自己的需求对系统进行定制。 3. 提高安全性：用户可以选择最新的安全补丁和更新。 4. 学习机会：使用 LFS 可以帮助用户学习 Linux 操作系统的内部机制。 LFSbook7.7 的结构 LFSbook7.7 分为十个部分： 1. 介绍：介绍 Linux From Scratch 项目和 LFSbook7.7 的内容。 2. 准备构建：指导用户准备构建 Linux 操作系统的环境。 3. 构建基础系统：指导用户构建 Linux 操作系统的基础组件。 4. 构建核心系统：指导用户构建 Linux 操作系统的核心组件。 5. 构建应用程序：指导用户构建 Linux 操作系统的应用程序。 6. 配置系统：指导用户配置 Linux 操作系统的设置。 7. 安全性和补丁：指导用户如何提高 Linux 操作系统的安全性。 8. 故障排除：指导用户如何排除 Linux 操作系统的故障。 9. 附加资源：提供了更多的资源和参考文献。 10. 索引：提供了 LFSbook7.7 的索引。 LFSbook7.7 的应用 LFSbook7.7 适合以下几种用户： 1. Linux 初学者：LFSbook7.7 提供了详细的指南，指导用户从头开始构建 Linux 操作系统。 2. Linux 高级用户：LFSbook7.7 提供了高级的技术指导，帮助用户深入了解 Linux 操作系统。 3. 开发者：LFSbook7.7 提供了详细的开发指南，帮助开发者构建自己的 Linux 操作系统。 LFSbook7.7 是一个非常有价值的资源，适合所有想从头开始构建 Linux 操作系统的用户。

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.7

xvi

This package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. It is used in the installation

procedures of many LFS packages.

• Util-linux

This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems,

consoles, partitions, and messages.

• Vim

This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge

number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very personal choice for many users and any other editor could be

substituted if desired.

• XML::Parser

This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat.

• XZ Utils

This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides the highest compression

generally available and is useful for decompressing packages in XZ or LZMA format.

• Zlib

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.

Prerequisites

Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system

administration in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an absolute

minimum, you should already have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list

directory and file contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a reasonable knowledge

of using and installing Linux software.

Because the LFS book assumes at least this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able

to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge

will likely go unanswered or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.

Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following HOWTOs:

• Software-Building-HOWTO http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html

This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing “generic” Unix software packages under Linux. Although

it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques needed to build and install

software.

• The Linux Users' Guide http://tldp.org/pub/Linux/docs/ldp-archived/users-guide/

This guide covers the usage of assorted Linux software. This reference is also fairly old, but still valid.

Host System Requirements

Your host system should have the following software with the minimum versions indicated. This should not be an

issue for most modern Linux distributions. Also note that many distributions will place software headers into separate

packages, often in the form of “<package-name>-devel” or “<package-name>-dev”. Be sure to install those if your

distribution provides them.

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.7

xvii

Earlier versions of the listed software packages may work, but has not been tested.

• Bash-3.2 (/bin/sh should be a symbolic or hard link to bash)

• Binutils-2.17 (Versions greater than 2.25 are not recommended as they have not been tested)

• Bison-2.3 (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or small script that executes bison)

• Bzip2-1.0.4

• Coreutils-6.9

• Diffutils-2.8.1

• Findutils-4.2.31

• Gawk-4.0.1 (/usr/bin/awk should be a link to gawk)

• GCC-4.1.2 including the C++ compiler, g++ (Versions greater than 4.9.2 are not recommended as they have not

been tested)

Note

On some distributions, there have been reports that some libraries used by gcc can be in an inconsistent

state and that this interferes with building some LFS packages. To check this, look in /usr/lib and

possibly /usr/lib64 for libgmp.la, libmpfr.la, and libmpc.la. Either all three should be present or absent,

but not only one or two. If the problem exists on your system, either rename or delete the .la files or

install the appropriate missing package.

• Glibc-2.5.1 (Versions greater than 2.21 are not recommended as they have not been tested)

• Grep-2.5.1a

• Gzip-1.3.12

• Linux Kernel-2.6.32

The reason for the kernel version requirement is that we specify that version when building glibc in Chapter 6 at

the recommendation of the developers. It is also required by udev.

If the host kernel is earlier than 2.6.32 you will need to replace the kernel with a more up to date version. There

are two ways you can go about this. First, see if your Linux vendor provides a 2.6.32 or later kernel package. If so,

you may wish to install it. If your vendor doesn't offer an acceptable kernel package, or you would prefer not to

install it, you can compile a kernel yourself. Instructions for compiling the kernel and configuring the boot loader

(assuming the host uses GRUB) are located in Chapter 8.

• M4-1.4.10

• Make-3.81

• Patch-2.5.4

• Perl-5.8.8

• Sed-4.1.5

• Tar-1.18

• Texinfo-4.7

• Xz-5.0.0

Note that the symlinks mentioned above are required to build an LFS system using the instructions contained within this

book. Symlinks that point to other software (such as dash, mawk, etc.) may work, but are not tested or supported by the

LFS development team, and may require either deviation from the instructions or additional patches to some packages.

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.7

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file $LFS/etc/

group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is encountered. Therefore,

this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

[OPTIONAL TEXT]

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section

inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages

will be located at /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1 and /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. When the

book uses passwd(5) it is specifically referring to /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. man passwd will print

the first man page it finds that matches “passwd”, which will be /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1. For this

example, you will need to run man 5 passwd in order to read the specific page being referred to. It should be noted

that most man pages do not have duplicate page names in different sections. Therefore, man <program name> is

generally sufficient.

Structure

This book is divided into the following parts.

Part I - Introduction

Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the LFS installation. This section also provides meta-

information about the book.

Part II - Preparing for the Build

Part II describes how to prepare for the building process—making a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling

temporary tools.

Part III - Building the LFS System

Part III guides the reader through the building of the LFS system—compiling and installing all the packages one by

one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other

software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing

all of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been installed.

Errata

The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes

may become available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether the package versions or instructions in

this release of LFS need any modifications to accommodate security vulnerabilities or other bug fixes, please visit http://

www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/7.7/ before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes shown and

apply them to the relevant section of the book as you progress with building the LFS system.

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