xvii
Introduction
Docker was made available as open source in March 2013 and has become the most commonly used
containerization platform. Kubernetes was open-sourced in June 2014 and has become the most widely
used container cluster manager. The first stable version of CoreOS Linux was made available in July 2014
and since has become the most commonly used operating system for containers. My first book, Kubernetes
Microservices with Docker (Apress, 2016), is an introduction to creating microservices with Kubernetes and
Docker. This book, Kubernetes Management Design Patterns, takes container cluster management to the next
level and discusses all or most aspects of administering and configuring Kubernetes on CoreOS and applying
suitable design patterns such as ConfigMaps, autoscaling, resource quotas, and high availability. Kubernetes
is a cluster manager for Docker and rkt containers, but this book discusses Kubernetes in the context of
Docker only. A cluster manager for Docker containers is needed because the Docker engine by itself lacks
some functionality, such as the ability to scale a cluster of containers, schedule pods on nodes, or mount a
certain type of storage (such as an AWS Volume or Github repo) as volumes. Docker Engine 1.12 integrates the
Docker Swarm cluster manager and Docker Swarm does overcome some of the earlier limitations of Docker
by providing replication, load balancing, fault tolerance, and service discovery, but Kubernetes provides
some features suitable for developing object-oriented applications. The Pod abstraction is the atomic unit of
deployment in Kubernetes. A Pod may consist of one or more containers. Co-locating containers has several
advantages as containers in a Pod share the same networking and filesystem and run on the same node.
Docker Swarm does not support autoscaling directly. While Docker Swarm is Docker native, Kubernetes is
more production-ready having been used in production at Google for more than 15 years.
Kubernetes Design Patterns
A software design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem
within a given context in software design.
Wikepedia
A Docker image includes instructions to package all the required software and dependencies, set the
environment variables, and run commands, and it is a reusable encapsulation of software for modular
design. The atomic unit of modular container service in Kubernetes is a pod, which is a group of containers
with a common filesystem and networking. The Kubernetes pod abstraction enables design patterns for
containerized applications similar to object oriented design patterns. Pod, service, replication controller,
deployment, and ConfigMap are all types of Kubernetes objects. Further, because containers interact with
each other over HTTP, making use of a commonly available data format such as JSON, Kubernetes design
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