Oracle Spatial用户指南与参考手册

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"Oracle Spatial 用户指南和参考.pdf" Oracle Spatial 是 Oracle 数据库的一个扩展模块，专为处理地理空间数据而设计。它提供了用于存储、索引和查询空间数据的功能，以及开发空间应用的支持。这份文档是针对 Oracle Spatial 和 Oracle Locator 的用户指南和参考手册，适用于 10g Release 2 (10.2) 版本，发布于 2005 年6月。在使用 Oracle Spatial 时，主要涉及以下几个关键知识点： 1. **空间数据模型**：Oracle Spatial 支持多种空间数据模型，包括点、线、面等基本几何对象，以及更复杂的多边形和网络数据模型。这些模型使用户能够有效地表示地理空间特征，如地理位置、地形、道路网络等。 2. **空间索引**：为了高效地处理大量空间数据，Oracle Spatial 提供了 R-Tree 空间索引。这种索引结构允许快速定位和检索与特定区域相关联的数据，极大地提高了空间查询的性能。 3. **空间操作**：用户可以执行一系列的空间操作，如距离计算、覆盖检查、相交测试等。这些操作对于空间分析和地理信息系统（GIS）应用至关重要。 4. **Oracle Locator**：Oracle Locator 是 Oracle Spatial 的一个轻量级版本，主要用于非空间数据集的空间化。它提供了一些基本的空间功能，如地址解析和距离计算，适合那些不需要完整 Oracle Spatial 功能但需要空间能力的应用。 5. **空间查询语言**：Oracle Spatial 支持 SQL 扩展，如 SDO_GEOMETRY 对象类型，允许在 SQL 查询中嵌入空间条件。这使得用户能够用标准 SQL 语句进行复杂的空间查询。 6. **应用程序开发**：指南会详细介绍如何利用 Oracle Spatial 开发空间应用程序，包括 Java API（JGeometry）、PL/SQL 包（如 SDO_GEOM）和 OCI 接口。开发者可以通过这些工具创建、修改和查询空间数据，以及构建基于空间数据的应用。 7. **兼容性与互操作性**：Oracle Spatial 支持多种空间数据格式和标准，如 ESRI Shapefile、GML 和 WKT，这使得与其他 GIS 系统的数据交换变得更加便捷。 8. **安全与权限管理**：如同其他 Oracle 数据库功能，Oracle Spatial 也支持细粒度的权限控制，允许管理员定义谁可以访问和操作空间数据。 9. **性能优化**：文档将涵盖性能监控和优化策略，帮助用户根据工作负载调整数据库配置，以达到最佳性能。 10. **故障排查与维护**：用户指南也会提供故障排查指南和维护建议，帮助管理员识别并解决可能遇到的问题。 "Oracle Spatial 用户指南和参考" 提供了关于如何使用 Oracle Spatial 和 Oracle Locator 的详尽信息，涵盖了从基础概念到高级应用的所有方面，是开发和管理空间数据解决方案的重要参考资料。

xvi

List of Figures

1–1 Geometric Types ......................................................................................................................... 1-4

1–2 Query Model................................................................................................................................ 1-8

1–3 MBR Enclosing a Geometry....................................................................................................... 1-9

1–4 R-Tree Hierarchical Index on MBRs...................................................................................... 1-10

1–5 The Nine-Intersection Model ................................................................................................. 1-11

1–6 Topological Relationships....................................................................................................... 1-12

1–7 Distance Buffers for Points, Lines, and Polygons................................................................ 1-13

1–8 Tolerance in an Aggregate Union Operation....................................................................... 1-15

2–1 Areas of Interest for the Simple Example................................................................................ 2-2

2–2 Rectangle ................................................................................................................................... 2-15

2–3 Polygon with a Hole................................................................................................................ 2-16

2–4 Compound Line String............................................................................................................ 2-18

2–5 Compound Polygon ................................................................................................................ 2-19

2–6 Point-Only Geometry .............................................................................................................. 2-20

2–7 Oriented Point Geometry........................................................................................................ 2-22

2–8 Geometry with Type 0 (Zero) Element................................................................................. 2-24

4–1 Geometries with MBRs .............................................................................................................. 4-7

4–2 Layer with a Query Window .................................................................................................... 4-7

7–1 Geometric Segment..................................................................................................................... 7-2

7–2 Describing a Point Along a Segment with a Measure and an Offset .................................. 7-3

7–3 Measures, Distances, and Their Mapping Relationship........................................................ 7-4

7–4 Measure Populating of a Geometric Segment ........................................................................ 7-4

7–5 Measure Populating with Disproportional Assigned Measures ......................................... 7-4

7–6 Linear Feature, Geometric Segments, and LRS Points.......................................................... 7-5

7–7 Creating a Geometric Segment ................................................................................................. 7-6

7–8 Defining a Geometric Segment ................................................................................................. 7-8

7–9 Redefining a Geometric Segment ............................................................................................. 7-9

7–10 Clipping, Splitting, and Concatenating Geometric Segments.............................................. 7-9

7–11 Measure Assignment in Geometric Segment Operations.................................................. 7-10

7–12 Segment Direction with Concatenation................................................................................ 7-11

7–13 Scaling a Geometric Segment................................................................................................. 7-11

7–14 Offsetting a Geometric Segment............................................................................................ 7-12

7–15 Locating a Point Along a Segment with a Measure and an Offset................................... 7-12

7–16 Ambiguity in Location Referencing with Offsets................................................................ 7-13

7–17 Multiple Projection Points ...................................................................................................... 7-13

7–18 Conversion from Standard to LRS Line String.................................................................... 7-14

7–19 Segment for Clip Operation Affected by Tolerance............................................................ 7-15

7–20 Simplified LRS Example: Highway....................................................................................... 7-16

8–1 Spatial Mining and Oracle Data Mining.................................................................................. 8-2

15–1 Arc Tolerance............................................................................................................................ 15-7

15–2 SDO_GEOM.SDO_DIFFERENCE ....................................................................................... 15-18

15–3 SDO_GEOM.SDO_INTERSECTION .................................................................................. 15-22

15–4 SDO_GEOM.SDO_UNION.................................................................................................. 15-34

15–5 SDO_GEOM.SDO_XOR........................................................................................................ 15-36

16–1 Translating a Geometric Segment ....................................................................................... 16-76

20–1 Simplification of a Geometry ............................................................................................... 20-32

C–1 Basic Flow of Action with the Spatial Routing Engine......................................................... C-1

xvii

List of Tables

2–1 Valid SDO_GTYPE Values ....................................................................................................... 2-6

2–2 Values and Semantics in SDO_ELEM_INFO......................................................................... 2-9

2–3 SDO_GEOMETRY Methods.................................................................................................. 2-11

2–4 Columns in the xxx_SDO_INDEX_INFO Views................................................................ 2-31

2–5 Columns in the xxx_SDO_INDEX_METADATA Views .................................................. 2-32

2–6 Columns in an R-Tree Spatial Index Data Table ................................................................ 2-34

2–7 Columns in the SDO_DIST_UNITS Table........................................................................... 2-35

2–8 Columns in the SDO_AREA_UNITS Table......................................................................... 2-35

5–1 Attributes for Formal Address Representation..................................................................... 5-1

5–2 Match Modes for Geocoding Operations ............................................................................... 5-2

5–3 Match Codes for Geocoding Operations ................................................................................ 5-3

5–4 Geocoded Address Error Message Interpretation ................................................................ 5-4

5–5 SDO_GEO_ADDR Type Attributes......................................................................................... 5-5

5–6 GC_AREA_<suffix> Table..................................................................................................... 5-10

5–7 GC_COUNTRY_PROFILE Table.......................................................................................... 5-11

5–8 GC_INTERSECTION_<suffix> Table .................................................................................. 5-13

5–9 GC_POI_<suffix> Table......................................................................................................... 5-14

5–10 GC_POSTAL_CODE_<suffix> Table................................................................................... 5-15

5–11 GC_ROAD_<suffix> Table.................................................................................................... 5-16

5–12 GC_ROAD_SEGMENT_<suffix> Table .............................................................................. 5-18

6–1 SDO_COORD_AXES Table ...................................................................................................... 6-9

6–2 SDO_COORD_AXIS_NAMES Table ...................................................................................... 6-9

6–3 SDO_COORD_OP_METHODS Table..................................................................................... 6-9

6–4 SDO_COORD_OP_PARAM_USE Table............................................................................. 6-10

6–5 SDO_COORD_OP_PARAM_VALS Table .......................................................................... 6-10

6–6 SDO_COORD_OP_PARAMS Table..................................................................................... 6-11

6–7 SDO_COORD_OP_PATHS Table......................................................................................... 6-11

6–8 SDO_COORD_OPS Table...................................................................................................... 6-12

6–9 SDO_COORD_REF_SYS Table ............................................................................................. 6-13

6–10 SDO_COORD_SYS Table....................................................................................................... 6-15

6–11 SDO_CRS_COMPOUND View ............................................................................................ 6-15

6–12 SDO_CRS_ENGINEERING View ........................................................................................ 6-16

6–13 SDO_CRS_GEOCENTRIC View........................................................................................... 6-16

6–14 SDO_CRS_GEOGRAPHIC2D View..................................................................................... 6-17

6–15 SDO_CRS_GEOGRAPHIC3D View..................................................................................... 6-17

6–16 SDO_CRS_PROJECTED View .............................................................................................. 6-18

6–17 SDO_CRS_VERTICAL View................................................................................................. 6-19

6–18 SDO_DATUM_ENGINEERING View ................................................................................ 6-19

6–19 SDO_DATUM_GEODETIC View ........................................................................................ 6-20

6–20 SDO_DATUM_VERTICAL View......................................................................................... 6-20

6–21 SDO_DATUMS Table............................................................................................................. 6-21

6–22 SDO_ELLIPSOIDS Table ....................................................................................................... 6-22

6–23 SDO_PREFERRED_OPS_SYSTEM Table............................................................................ 6-23

6–24 SDO_PREFERRED_OPS_USER Table ................................................................................. 6-24

6–25 SDO_PRIME_MERIDIANS Table ........................................................................................ 6-24

6–26 SDO_UNITS_OF_MEASURE Table..................................................................................... 6-24

6–27 MDSYS.CS_SRS Table ............................................................................................................ 6-26

6–28 MDSYS.SDO_ANGLE_UNITS Table................................................................................... 6-29

6–29 MDSYS.SDO_DATUMS_OLD_FORMAT and SDO_DATUMS_OLD_SNAPSHOT Tables..

6-30

6–30 MDSYS.SDO_ELLIPSOIDS_OLD_FORMAT and SDO_ELLIPSOIDS_OLD_SNAPSHOT

Tables 6-32

6–31 MDSYS.SDO_PROJECTIONS_OLD_FORMAT and SDO_PROJECTIONS_OLD_

xviii

SNAPSHOT Tables 6-33

7–1 Highway Features and LRS Counterparts .......................................................................... 7-16

10–1 Spatial Index Creation and Usage Statements.................................................................... 10-1

11–1 Main Spatial Operators .......................................................................................................... 11-1

11–2 Convenience Operators for SDO_RELATE Operations.................................................... 11-1

11–3 params Keywords for the SDO_JOIN Operator............................................................... 11-14

11–4 Keywords for the SDO_NN Param Parameter................................................................. 11-16

12–1 Spatial Aggregate Functions ................................................................................................. 12-1

13–1 Subprograms for Coordinate System Transformation ...................................................... 13-1

13–2 Table to Hold Transformed Layer...................................................................................... 13-39

14–1 Subprograms for Geocoding Address Data........................................................................ 14-1

15–1 Geometry Subprograms......................................................................................................... 15-1

16–1 Subprograms for Creating and Editing Geometric Segments.......................................... 16-1

16–2 Subprograms for Querying and Validating Geometric Segments................................... 16-2

16–3 Subprograms for Converting Geometric Segments........................................................... 16-3

18–1 Subprograms for Spatial Analysis and Mining .................................................................. 18-1

19–1 Tuning Subprograms.............................................................................................................. 19-1

20–1 Spatial Utility Subprograms.................................................................................................. 20-1

B–1 Spatial Features Supported for Locator................................................................................. B-2

B–2 Spatial Features Not Supported for Locator ......................................................................... B-2

B–3 Feature Availability with Standard and Enterprise Editions............................................. B-3

C–1 EDGE Table.............................................................................................................................. C-18

C–2 NODE Table............................................................................................................................. C-19

C–3 PARTITION Table .................................................................................................................. C-19

C–4 SIGN_POST Table................................................................................................................... C-19

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