12 Chapter 3 Data
12. There is no difference.
13. The left declaration still does what it previously did, but the statements on the right are in error;
you cannot assign to a constant variable.
14. True, except when a nested block declares another variable with the same name, which hides the
earlier variable and makes it inaccessible from within the nested block.
15. False. The only automatic variables are those with block scope, and these cannot ever be
accessed by name from other blocks.
16. No, that changes its storage class, but not its scope; the answer is still false.
17. None is needed.
18. No; it still has internal linkage, so every function that comes later in the file may access it.
19.
extern int x;
20. Yes; now there is no declaration that will enable you to access x from a different source file.
22. Inside: the variable is automatic, it is reinitialized each time the function is called, its scope is
limited to the function, it has no linkage. Outside: the variable is static, it is initialized only once
before the program begins to run, it has file scope, and external linkage.
23. The trick to this one is to realize that function
y can be put ahead of x in the file; after that, the
rest is straightforward. Watch for assignment statements though; the problem specifies no exe-
cutable statements in the functions.
static char b = 2;
void
y( void )
{
}
int a = 1;
void
x( void )
{
int c = 3;
static float d = 4;
}
24. There is one error: The declaration of c in line 6 conflicts with the function parameter c. Some
compilers have been seen to flag line 24 as an error, saying it conflicts with the declaration in
line 20. This should not be an error, as the scope of
y from line 20 runs out at line 22, so there
is no conflict.
Name (Line) Storage Class Scope Linkage Initial Value
w (1) static 1–8, 17–31 internal 5
x (2) static 2–18, 23–31 external Note a
func1 (4) – 4–31 external –
a (4) auto 5–18, 23 none Note b
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