C++ Primer Third Edition：英文版入门指南

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"C++ Primer Third Edition 是一本针对C++初学者的入门书籍，作者推荐学习英文版，尤其是对于有C语言基础的读者。书中详细介绍了C++的基础知识和编程概念，旨在帮助读者掌握C++编程技能。" 本书是C++编程领域的经典教材《C++ Primer》的第三版，它涵盖了C++的基础知识，包括语法、数据类型、控制流、函数、类、模板等核心概念。作者在编写时考虑到了初学者的需求，用易懂的语言和实例来引导读者理解复杂的C++特性。 1. **C++基础知识**：书中首先介绍了C++的基本语法，包括变量、常量、数据类型（如int、float、char等）以及基本的输入输出操作。通过这些基础内容，读者可以快速上手C++编程。 2. **控制结构**：书中详细讲解了条件语句（如if、switch）和循环语句（如while、for），这些都是控制程序流程的关键部分。同时，还介绍了如何使用break和continue来改变循环的行为。 3. **函数**：C++ Primer强调了函数的重要性，包括函数的定义、调用、参数传递以及函数重载。通过函数，读者可以学会如何组织代码，提高代码的复用性。 4. **类与对象**：作为面向对象编程语言的核心，C++的类和对象在书中占据了重要的篇幅。读者将学习到如何定义类，创建对象，以及掌握封装、继承和多态等面向对象的基本概念。 5. **模板**：C++的模板功能允许编写泛化的代码，能够处理不同类型的数据。书中会详细介绍函数模板和类模板的使用方法，让读者掌握编写高效、通用代码的技巧。 6. **标准库的使用**：C++ Primer涵盖了标准库中的容器（如vector、list、map）、迭代器、算法等重要内容，这些是编写高效C++程序不可或缺的部分。 7. **错误处理与调试**：书中也涉及了异常处理机制，以及如何使用调试工具来查找和修复程序中的错误，这对于培养良好的编程习惯至关重要。 8. **实践与案例**：书中包含大量实例和练习，鼓励读者动手实践，通过实际操作来加深对理论知识的理解。此外，尽管作者和出版商已经尽力确保书中的正确性，但他们并不对书中可能存在的错误或遗漏负责。书中提供的程序仅用于教学目的，可能存在不适用于特定场景的情况，读者在使用时应自行测试验证。《C++ Primer Third Edition》是一本全面且深入的C++入门教材，无论你是有C语言背景还是完全的新手，都能从中受益匪浅。通过阅读和实践，你将能够逐步掌握C++编程，并为进阶学习打下坚实的基础。

}

A C++ program begins execution with the first statement of

main()

. In this case, the program begins

by executing the function

readIn()

. Program execution continues by sequentially executing the

statements within

main()

. The program terminates normally following execution of the last

statement in

main()

A function consists of four parts: a return type, the function name, a parameter list, and the function

body. The first three parts are collectively referred to as the

function prototype

The parameter list, enclosed within parentheses, contains a comma-separated list of zero or more

arameters. The function body is enclosed within a pair of curly braces. It consists of a sequence of

rogram statements.

In this instance, the body of

main()

invokes

the functions

readIn()

sort()

compact()

, and

()

. When they have completed, the statement

return 0;

is executed.

return

, a predefined C++ statement, provides a method of terminating the execution of

a function. When supplied with a value such as 0, that value becomes the return value of the

function. In this case, a

return value

of 0 indicates the successful completion of

main()

. (In Standard

C++,

main()

returns a value of 0 by default if an explicit return statement is not provided.)

Let's turn now to how the program is made ready for execution. First, we must provide definitions of

readIn()

sort()

compact()

, and

print()

. At this point, the following dummy instances are good

enough:

void readIn() { cout << "readIn()\n"; }

void sort() { cout << "sort()\n"; }

void compact() { cout << "compact()\n"; }

void print() { cout << "print()\n"; }

void

is used to specify a function that does not provide a return value. As defined, each function will

simply announce its presence on the user's terminal when invoked by

main()

. Later, we can replace

these dummy instances with the actual functions as they are implemented.

This incremental method of building programs provides a useful measure of control over the

rogramming errors we inevitably make. Trying to get a program to work all at once is simply too

complicated and confusing.

A program source file's name generally consists of two parts: a file name — for example, bookstore

—

and a file suffix. The file suffix, by convention, serves to identify the contents of the file. The file

bookstore.h

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rogram unless we follow the

#include <iostream>

reprocessor directive with the statement

using namespace std;

This statement is called a

using directive

. The names in the C++ standard library are declared in a

namespace called namespace

std

and are not visible in our program text file unless we explicitly

make them visible. The using directive tells the compiler to use the library names declared in

namespace

std

. (We have more to say on namespaces and using directives in Sections 2.7 and 8.5.)

[1]

At the time of this writing, not all C++ implementations support namespaces. If your implementation does not support namespaces, the

using directive must be omitted. Because many of the examples in this book were compiled with implementations not supporting

namespaces, using directives have been omitted from most code examples.

Once the program has been entered into a file, say,

prog1.C

, the next step is to compile it. This is

done as follows under the UNIX operating system ($ represents the system prompt):

$ CC prog1.C

The command name used to invoke the C++ compiler varies across implementations. (Under

Windows, the command is usually invoked through clicking on a menu item.) CC is the command

name for the C++ compiler we use on our UNIX workstations. Check the reference manual or ask

your system administrator for the C++ command name on your system.

Part of the compiler's job is to analyze the program text for correctness. A compiler cannot detect

whether the meaning of a program is correct, but it can detect errors in the

form

of the program. Two

common forms of program error are the following:

1. Syntax errors. The programmer has made a "grammatical" error in the C++ language. For

example:

int main ( { // error: missing ')'

readIn(): // error: illegal character ':'

sort();

compact();

print();

return 0 // error: missing ';'

}

2. Type errors. Each item of data in C++ has an associated type. The value 10, for example, is an

integer. The word "hello" surrounded by double quotation marks is a string. If a function

ectin

an inte

er ar

ument is

iven a strin

, a t

e error is si

naled b

the com

iler.

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An error message contains a line number and a brief description of what the compiler believes we

have done wrong. It is a good practice to correct errors in the sequence they are reported. Often a

single error can have a cascading effect and cause a compiler to report more errors than actually are

resent. Once the error has been corrected, the program should be recompiled. This cycle is often

referred to as

edit-compile-debug

A second part of the compiler's job is to translate formally correct program text. This translation,

referred to as

code generation

, typically generates object or assembly instruction text understood by

the computer on which the program is run.

The result of a successful compilation is an executable file. When run, our program generates the

following output:

readIn()

sort()

compact()

print()

C++ defines a built-in set of primitive data types: integer and floating point numeric types, a

character type, and a Boolean type holding a value of either true or false. Each type is associated

with a language

keyword

. Each object within our program is associated with a specific type. For

example,

int age = 10;

double price = 19.99;

char delimiter = ' ';

bool found = false;

defines four objects —

age, price, delimiter

, and

found

, respectively — of types integer,

double precision floating point, character, and Boolean. Each type is provided with a literal constant

initial value: the integer 10, the floating point 19.99, the blank character, and the Boolean

false

Type

conversions

take place implicitly between the built-in types. For example, when we assign

age

which is of type

int

, a literal constant value of type

double

, as in

age = 33.333;

the value actually assigned to

age

is the truncated integer value 33. (These

standard conversions

, as

well as type conversions in general, are discussed in detail in Section 4.14.)

An extended set of basic data types is provided within the C++ standard library, including, among

others, string, complex number, vector, and list. For example:

// necessary header file to use a string object

#include <string>

string current_chapter = "Getting Started";

// necessary header to use a vector object

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