Oracle APEX设计决策：成本、时间和质量的管理

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"Oracle Application Express by Design" 是一本由Patrick Cimolini编著的专业书籍，主要探讨了在Oracle Application Express (APEX) 开发环境中如何处理和平衡各种复杂且相互关联的设计决策，以优化项目的成本、进度和质量。 Oracle Application Express（APEX）是一个基于Web的开发工具，它允许开发者快速构建数据驱动的应用程序，无需深厚的PL/SQL或JavaScript知识。本书深入浅出地介绍了在大型APEX应用开发过程中可能遇到的设计冲突和选项，旨在帮助开发团队制定出适合自身项目环境的最佳设计策略。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. APEX概述：介绍APEX的基本概念、架构和核心功能，以及它如何与Oracle数据库紧密集成，提供高效的应用开发平台。 2. 设计决策框架：讨论如何评估和选择不同的设计路径，以及如何在成本、时间表和质量之间找到平衡点。这包括对需求分析、系统架构设计、用户体验设计和性能优化等方面的考虑。 3. 交互设计：讲解如何创建用户友好的界面，包括布局设计、导航结构、表单和报告的创建，以及使用APEX内置组件来提升用户体验。 4. 数据管理：讨论数据模型设计，包括实体关系建模，以及如何利用APEX的数据操作功能进行高效的数据处理和管理。 5. 应用程序性能：分析如何通过优化查询、缓存策略和资源管理来提高应用程序的性能，以及如何监控和调试APEX应用以识别并解决问题。 6. 安全性和权限控制：介绍如何在APEX中实施安全措施，包括用户认证、授权和审计，以保护应用程序免受未经授权的访问和攻击。 7. 部署和维护：讨论应用程序的部署策略，如版本控制、测试策略和持续集成，以及如何在生产环境中进行有效的应用维护和升级。 8. 团队协作和项目管理：讲述在使用APEX进行大型项目开发时，如何有效地协同工作，使用版本控制系统，以及应用敏捷开发方法来管理项目进度和质量。 9. 案例研究和最佳实践：通过实际案例分析，展示如何将理论知识应用于实践中，同时分享业界公认的最佳设计和开发实践。通过阅读本书，读者不仅可以获得对APEX开发的深入理解，还能学习到如何在实际项目中做出明智的设计决策，从而提升应用的质量和用户满意度。对于那些希望提升其APEX开发技能，或是正在寻找如何优化大型项目设计流程的专业人士来说，这是一本宝贵的参考资料。

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■ IntroduCtIon

xix

APEX History

History shows us past patterns that can help guide our future. Table1 lists APEX’s major milestones together

with some milestones that are important to the technologies that surround and support APEX. The pattern

that emerges from this list shows that APEX has developed in step with the external technologies that are

intimately entwined with its environment.

APEX was conceived in 1999 as an application called FLOWS at a time when a number of new

supporting technologies stabilized. HTML 4.0.1, CSS 2, and the PL/SQL version in Oracle 8i were relatively

stable releases. These technologies acted as a springboard for APEX; the original team, Mike Hichwa and

Joel Kallman, looked at the technologies and realized that they could build a declarative web development

tool; they could “pull it off”. A successful proof of concept called Project Marvel was show cased internally to

Oracle in 2002.

After several years of development and in-house prototyping, HTML DB 1.5 was released to the public

in 2004. This initial release was followed by annual major releases that spanned 2005 to 2012. During this

time, HTML DB was rebranded as Oracle Application Express (APEX). By the time it reached APEX 4.2, it has

evolved into a reasonably mature and stable web development platform that many organizations saw as a

way forward into the worlds of cloud and enterprise computing.

Browser

Cloud

Oracle REST Data

Services (ORDS)

Other Enterprise

Databases

Application Business

Data Schema

APEX Engine

Application

Description Metadata

Oracle Database

Figure 1. APEX architecture

■ IntroduCtIon

xxi

The APEX evolution during this time was done against a backdrop of activity in two completely different

development worlds that had a profound impact on APEX development.

• Database. The database world for APEX is controlled by Oracle. This world has

been characterized by steady progress in terms of practical, reliable, and useful new

features. The APEX team has developed the database side of APEX in the context of

the rock solid Oracle database environment. The SQL and PL/SQL environments are

mature, stable, and fast; this foundation is a major reason for the APEX’s stability on

the server-side backend.

• Web. The web world for APEX is controlled by the World Wide Web Consortium

(W3C) and the commercial browser manufacturers. This world, due to the open

source nature of the W3C, was in a chaotic state during the time that APEX

was undergoing its ongoing evolution. For example, in 2004 the W3C released

the Candidate Recommendation for CSS 2.1; then in 2004 W3C demoted the

recommendation back to working draft. CSS 2.1 was re-promoted back to Candidate

Recommendation in 2007. The uncertainty that surrounded the web standards made

it exceedingly difficult for commercial developers like the APEX team and browser

manufacturers to develop products for the web.

After the release of APEX 4.2 in 2012, the APEX development team embarked on an ambitious

development effort to improve the APEX development tool itself. The result was APEX 5.0, which was

released in 2015 after a long and difficult development project. Much of the new code was on the web side

of the equation; coding for the web and all of the competing browsers was a daunting task, especially in the

light of keeping the tool’s productive declarative environment intact; thus the multiyear wait for APEX 5.0.

APEX 5.1 followed in 2016. This release added in some of the features that were promised for APEX 5.0

but were dropped due to their impact on the schedule. Going forward, I expect that the new version release

cycle will return to an annual event keeping APEX in step with new web and database features that will

undoubtedly be released in parallel with APEX.

For a lighter overview of APEX’s history, I would like to mention Scott Spendolini’s light hearted

presentation, “APEX Adolescence,” that is available on SlideShare.net at http://www.slideshare.net/

sspendol/apex-adolescence?qid=0f5b7637-5c0c-4a7a-946f-0c08855382cf&v=&b=&from_search=13. The

slides, which were presented at the Oracle Development Tools User Group (ODTUG) Kscope11 conference,

compare APEX’s growth to a person’s childhood development. The slides follow APEX from conception to

adolescence. I interviewed Scott at ODTUG Kscope14 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKD6mfI4Vfg)

and asked where APEX was at the time in terms of childhood development. The answer? APEX 4.2 had

grown into a young adult who had just graduated from college. I suspect that Scott would now consider

APEX 5.1 to be a mature and experienced working professional.

Where Is APEX Now?

APEX 5.1 is a mature, reliable, stable, and seriously practical web development framework. APEX is a tool

that must be on the short list of tools to be evaluated for large, web-based applications that work with an

Oracle database and are integrated with the cloud and other enterprise applications.

APEX’s strength has been confirmed by Oracle itself. Oracle chose APEX for its shop.oracle.com site,

where it sells its products online. This application is the frontend for a suite of very large Oracle E-Business

suite applications. As you can see in Figure2, it has been professionally branded. This proves that APEX

succeeds in both the front- and backend coding areas.

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