《微电子学：电路分析与设计》第四版详解

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Preface

PHILOSOPHY AND GOALS

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design is intended as a core text in electron-

ics for undergraduate electrical and computer engineering students. The purpose of

the fourth edition of the book is to continue to provide a foundation for analyzing and

designing both analog and digital electronic circuits. A goal is to make this book very

readable and student-friendly.

Most electronic circuit design today involves integrated circuits (ICs), in which

the entire circuit is fabricated on a single piece of semiconductor material. The IC

can contain millions of semiconductor devices and other elements and can perform

complex functions. The microprocessor is a classic example of such a circuit. The

ultimate goal of this text is to clearly present the operation, characteristics, and

limitations of the basic circuits that form these complex integrated circuits. Although

most engineers will use existing ICs in specialized design applications, they must be

aware of the fundamental circuit's characteristics in order to understand the operation

and limitations of the IC.

Initially, discrete transistor circuits are analyzed and designed. The complexity

of circuits being studied increases throughout the text so that, eventually, the reader

should be able to analyze and design the basic elements of integrated circuits, such

as linear ampliﬁers and digital logic gates.

This text is an introduction to the complex subject of electronic circuits.

Therefore, more advanced material is not included. Specific technologies, such as

gallium arsenide, which is used in special applications, are also not included,

although reference may be made to a few specialized applications. Finally, the

layout and fabrication of ICs are not covered, since these topics alone can warrant

entire texts.

DESIGN EMPHASIS

Design is the heart of engineering. Good design evolves out of considerable experi-

ence with analysis. In this text, we point out various characteristics and properties of

circuits as we go through the analysis. The objective is to develop an intuition that

can be applied to the design process.

Many design examples, design exercise problems, and end-of-chapter design

problems are included in this text. The end-of-chapter design problems are desig-

nated with a “D”. Many of these examples and problems have a set of specifica-

tions that lead to a unique solution. Although engineering design in its truest sense

does not lead to a unique solution, these initial design examples and problems are

a first step, the author believes, in learning the design process. A separate section,

Design Problems, found in the end-of-chapter problems, contains open-ended design

problems.

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xvi Preface

COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Computer analysis and computer-aided-design (CAD) are signiﬁcant factors in elec-

tronics. One of the most prevalent electronic circuit simulation programs is Simula-

tion Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE), developed at the University

of California. A version of SPICE tailored for personal computers is PSpice, which

is used in this text.

The text emphasizes hand analysis and design in order to concentrate on basic

circuit concepts. However, in several places in the text, PSpice results are in-

cluded and are correlated with the hand analysis results. Obviously, at the instruc-

tor's discretion, computer simulation may be incorporated at any point in the text.

A separate section, Computer Simulation Problems, is found in the end-of-chapter

problems.

In some chapters, particularly the chapters on frequency response and feedback,

computer analysis is used more heavily. Even in these situations, however, computer

analysis is considered only after the fundamental properties of the circuit have been

covered. The computer is a tool that can aid in the analysis and design of electronic

circuits, but is not a substitute for a thorough understanding of the basic concepts

of circuit analysis.

PREREQUISITES

This book is intended for junior undergraduates in electrical and computer engineer-

ing. The prerequisites for understanding the material include dc analysis and steady-

state sinusoidal analysis of electric circuits and the transient analysis of RC circuits.

Various network concepts, such as Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems, are used

extensively. Some background in Laplace transform techniques may also be useful.

Prior knowledge of semiconductor device physics is not required.

ORGANIZATION

The book is divided into three parts. Part 1, consisting of the ﬁrst eight chapters, cov-

ers semiconductor materials, the basic diode operation and diode circuits, and basic

transistor operations and transistor circuits. Part 2 addresses more advanced analog

electronics, such as operational ampliﬁer circuits, biasing techniques used in inte-

grated circuits, and other analog circuits applications. Part 3 covers digital elec-

tronics including CMOS integrated circuits. Five appendices are included at the end

of the text.

Content

Part 1. Chapter 1 introduces the semiconductor material and pn junction, which

leads to diode circuits and applications given in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 covers the ﬁeld-

effect transistor, with strong emphasis on the metal-oxide-semiconductor FET

(MOSFET), and Chapter 4 presents basic FET linear ampliﬁers. Chapter 5 discusses

the bipolar junction transistor, with basic bipolar linear ampliﬁer applications given in

Chapter 6.

The frequency response of transistors and transistor circuits is covered in a sep-

arate Chapter 7. The emphasis in Chapters 3 through 6 was on the analysis and

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Preface xvii

design techniques, so mixing the two transistor types within a given chapter

would introduce unnecessary confusion. However, starting with Chapter 7, both

MOSFET circuits and bipolar circuits are discussed within the same chapter. Fi-

nally, Chapter 8, covering output stages and power amplifiers, completes Part 1 of

the text.

Part 2. Chapters 9 through 15 are included in Part 2, which addresses more ad-

vanced analog electronics. In this portion of the text, the emphasis is placed on the

operational ampliﬁer and on circuits that form the basic building blocks of integrated

circuits (ICs). The ideal operational ampliﬁer and ideal op-amp circuits are covered

in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 presents constant-current source biasing circuits and intro-

duces the active load, both of which are used extensively in ICs. The differential

ampliﬁer, the heart of the op-amp, is discussed in Chapter 11, and feedback is con-

sidered in Chapter 12. Chapter 13 presents the analysis and design of various circuits

that form operational ampliﬁers. Nonideal effects in analog ICs are addressed in

Chapter 14, and applications, such as active ﬁlters and oscillators, are covered in

Chapter 15.

Part 3. Chapters 16 and 17 form Part 3 of the text, and cover the basics of digi-

tal electronics. The analysis and design of MOS digital electronics is discussed in

Chapter 16. The emphasis in this chapter is on CMOS circuits, which form the basis

of most present-day digital circuits. Basic digital logic gate circuits are initially cov-

ered, then shift registers, ﬂip-ﬂops, and then basic A/D and D/A converters are pre-

sented. Chapter 17 introduces bipolar digital electronics, including emitter-coupled

logic and classical transistor-transistor logic circuits.

Appendices. Five appendices are included at the end of the text. Appendix A

contains physical constants and conversion factors. Manufacturers' data sheets for

several devices and circuits are included in Appendix B. Standard resistor and ca-

pacitor values are given in Appendix C, and references and other reading sources are

listed in Appendix D. Finally, answers to selected end-of chapter problems are given

in Appendix E.

Order of Presentation

The book is written with a certain degree of ﬂexibility so that instructors can design

their own order of presentation of topics.

1. Op-Amp Circuits: For those instructors who wish to present ideal op-amp cir-

cuits as a ﬁrst topic in electronics, Chapter 9 is written such that sections 9.1

through 9.5.5 can be studied as a ﬁrst chapter in electronics.

Chapter Presentation

Ideal Op-Amp Circuits:

1. Chapter 9, Sections 9.1–9.5.5.

2. Chapters 1, 2, etc.

2. MOSFETs versus Bipolars: The chapters covering MOSFETs (3 and 4) and the

chapters covering bipolars (5 and 6) are written independently of each other. In-

structors, therefore, have the option of discussing MOSFETs before bipolars, as

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Preface xix

RETAINED FEATURES OF THE TEXT

• A short introduction at the beginning of each chapter links the new chapter to the

material presented in previous chapters. The objectives of the Chapter, i.e., what

the reader should gain from the chapter, are presented in the Preview section and

are listed in bullet form for easy reference.

• Each major section of a chapter begins with a restatement of the objective for

this portion of the chapter.

• An extensive number of worked examples are used throughout the text to rein-

force the theoretical concepts being developed. These examples contain all the de-

tails of the analysis or design, so the reader does not have to ﬁll in missing steps.

• An Exercise Problem follows each example. The exercise problem is very similar

to the worked example so that readers can immediately test their understanding of

the material just covered. Answers are given for each exercise problem so readers

do not have to search for an answer at the end of the book. These exercise problems

will reinforce readers’grasp of the material before they move on to the next section.

• Test Your Understanding exercise problems are included at the end of most

major sections of the chapter. These exercise problems are, in general, more

comprehensive that those presented at the end of an example. These problems

will also reinforce readers’ grasp of the material before they move on to the next

section. Answers to these exercise problems are also given.

• Problem Solving Techniques are given throughout each chapter to assist the

reader in analyzing circuits. Although there can be more than one method of

solving a problem, these Problem Solving Techniques are intended to help the

reader get started in the analysis of a circuit.

• A Design Application is included as the last section of each chapter. A speciﬁc

electronic design related to that chapter is presented. Over the course of the

book, students will learn to build circuits for an electronic thermometer. Though

not every Design Application deals with the thermometer, each application

illustrates how students will use design in the real world.

• A Summary section follows the text of each chapter. This section summarizes

the overall results derived in the chapter and reviews the basic concepts devel-

oped. The summary section is written in bullet form for easy reference.

• A Checkpoint section follows the Summary section. This section states the goals

that should have been met and states the abilities the reader should have gained.

The Checkpoints will help assess progress before moving to the next chapter.

• A list of review questions is included at the end of each chapter. These questions

serve as a self-test to help the reader determine how well the concepts developed

in the chapter have been mastered.

• A large number of problems are given at the end of each chapter, organized

according to the subject of each section. Many new problems have been in-

corporated into the fourth edition. Design oriented problems are included as well

as problems with varying degrees of difﬁculty. A “D” indicates design-type

problems, and an asterisk (*) indicates more difﬁcult problems. Separate computer

simulation problems and open-ended design problems are also included.

• Answers to selected problems are given in Appendix E. Knowing the answer to

a problem can aid and reinforce the problem solving ability.

• Manufacturers’ data sheets for selected devices and circuits are given in Appen-

dix B. These data sheets should allow the reader to relate the basic concepts and

circuit characteristics studied to real circuit characteristics and limitations.

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