Physics Letters B 760 (2016) 432–437
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Physics Letters B
www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb
Implications of extreme flatness in a general f (R) theory
Michał Artymowski
b,∗
, Zygmunt Lalak
a
, Marek Lewicki
a
a
Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
b
Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received
15 April 2016
Received
in revised form 9 June 2016
Accepted
9 July 2016
Available
online 14 July 2016
Editor: M.
Trodden
We discuss a modified gravity theory defined by f (R) =
l
n
α
n
M
2(1−n)
R
n
. We consider both finite and
infinite number of terms in the series while requiring that the Einstein frame potential of the theory
has a flat area around any of its stationary points. We show that the requirement of maximally flat
stationary point leads to the existence of the saddle point (local maximum) for even (odd) l. In both
cases for l →∞one obtains the Starobinsky model with small, exponentially suppressed corrections.
Besides the GR minimum the Einstein frame potential has an anti de Sitter vacuum. However we argue
that the GR vacuum is absolutely stable and AdS can be reached neither via classical evolution nor via
quantum tunnelling. Our results show that a Starobinsky-like model is the only possible realisation of
f (R) theory with an extremely flat area in the Einstein frame potential.
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP
3
.
1. Introduction
Cosmic inflation [1–3] is a well established, consistent with the
data [4], theory of the early universe which predicts cosmic ac-
celeration
and generation of seeds of the large scale structure of
the present universe. The inflationary universe can be obtained by
introduction of additional fields or by modification of general rela-
tivity
(GR), which is the possibility explored in this paper. The first
theory of inflation is the Starobinsky model [5,6], which is an f (R)
theory [7] with R + R
2
/6M
2
Lagrangian density. In such a model
the acceleration of space–time is generated in the empty universe,
i.e. by the gravitational interaction itself. This comes from the fact
that the homogeneous and isotropic R
2
model gives an exact de
Sitter solution.
The f (R) theory is one of the simplest generalisations of
general relativity (GR). It is based on Lagrangian density S =
1
2
d
4
√
−gf(R) and it can be expressed using the so-called aux-
iliary
field, which means that the Ricci scalar is treated as a inde-
pendent
scalar degree of freedom. In such a case one defines Q by
Q := R and the Jordan frame (JF) action is equal to
S
JF
=
d
4
x
√
−g
F (Q )
R
2
− U(Q )
, (1)
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail
address: michal.artymowski@uj.edu.pl (M. Artymowski).
where F = df /dQ and U(Q ) = (QF(Q ) − f (Q ))/2. U is the Jor-
dan
frame (JF) potential, which is related to energy density of
the field, but its derivative is not an effective force in the EOM
of Q. For F = 1one recovers GR, which is usually positioned at
Q = 0. Note that the variation of the JF action with respect to
Q gives F
(Q )(Q − R) = 0. Therefore one obtains a constraint on
Q and R, which is valid whenever F
(Q ) = 0. If F
= 0the con-
straint
is satisfied for any relation between Q and R, and therefore
we lose one-to-one correspondence between the scalar picture and
the original f (R) theory. The Jordan frame auxiliary field can also
be defined as ϕ := F (R). This convention requires an exact form
of the function R = R(ϕ), however obtaining such a form is not
always possible.
The
same model can be expressed in the Einstein frame (EF),
with the metric tensor defined as
˜
g
μν
= F (Q )g
μν
. This is a purely
classical transformation of coordinates and results obtained in one
frame are classically perfectly equivalent to the ones from another
frame. The EF action is equal to
S
EF
=
d
4
˜
x
−
˜
g
1
2
˜
R +
1
2
(∂
μ
φ)
2
− V (φ)
, (2)
where
˜
R, φ :=
√
3/2logF and V := (RF − f )/(2F
2
) are the EF
Ricci scalar, auxiliary field and potential respectively. The EF poten-
tial
should have a minimum at the GR vacuum, which is positioned
at φ = 0. The auxiliary field φ may be used as an inflaton or a
source of the dark energy, which makes the f (R) theory a power-
ful
theoretical tool to solve problems of classical cosmology.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.07.027
0370-2693/
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by
SCOAP
3
.