Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 5
in BF, that is, the retrieved element that does not belong to the set may be
regarded as being part of it.
The processes of initialization, insertion and retrieval are described as fol-
lows [2]:
– (InitBF (α) : BF ← {b
0
, b
1
, ..., b
α−1
}). Initialize a set of BF with α bits
and the elements are set to 0.
– (InseT oBF (em, BF ) : B F [h
i
(em)] ← 1, i ∈ [0, β − 1]). Insert a new ele-
ment em hashed with β independent hash functions into the set of BF .
– RetrBF (em, BF ) : ⊥ ⇔ ∃i ∈ [0, β − 1] : BF [h
i
(em)] ← 0. Retrieve
whether the element em exists in the set of BF .
In our RSE-PoW scheme, we divide the ciphertext into blocks and en-
crypt the results to obtain the inserted elements, which reduces the memory
consumption and improves the query efficiency.
2.2 Security Proposal: PoW
In order to solve the problem that an adversary obtains the sensitive informa-
tion simply by supplying the hash values of a file, Halevi et al. [9] proposed
Proof of oWnership (PoW), which is an interaction protocol to verify that a
user who indeed owns a particular file stored in the cloud server side.
The PoW protocol uses the universal challenge-response model, including
three phases [24] [26]:
– File upload phase. The client sends a request of uploading file, after receiv-
ing the request, the cloud server retrieves the storage database. If the file
does not exist, the cloud server requires the client to upload that file. If it
exists, the cloud server requires the client to prove the ownership of that
file.
– Challenge phase. As a verifier, the cloud server generates an array of chal-
lenges based on the stored file and the particular algorithm, and sends the
challenges to the client.
– Response phase. As a prover, the client obtains the corresponding responses
according to the received challenges and sends them to the cloud server.
After verification, the cloud server returns the results to the client based
on the correct of the responses.
3 Overview, Models and Goals
In this section, we firstly give the notations and descriptions, as shown in
Table 1. And then, we introduce a system overview of the proposed RSE-
PoW. Finally, we describe the adversary model and our design goals.
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