实验演示Tm光纤激光器中的矢量孤子生成

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"Tm光纤激光器中的矢量孤子生成" 在Tm光纤激光器的研究领域，一项重要的发现是矢量孤子的生成。矢量孤子是一种在光纤激光器中形成的特殊光脉冲，它由两个正交极化的光成分组成，这两个成分在群速度上相互锁定，形成稳定的光包络。这篇研究论文发表在2014年的《IEEE光子技术通讯》(IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, VOL. 26, NO. 8)上，由Yong Wang、Siming Wang、Jiaolin Luo等作者共同完成。实验结果显示，矢量孤子首次在全光纤Tm/Ho掺杂的光纤激光器中被观察到，工作波长位于1951纳米。这个发现被认为是2微米附近群速锁定矢量孤子形成的首个明确证据。通过数值模拟，研究人员重现了实验观察到的现象，并且揭示了矢量孤子中两个正交极化成分之间的中心波长偏移是由腔内双折射决定的。随着腔内双折射的增加，这种中心波长偏移也会增大。然而，当双折射过强时，原本的矢量孤子会转变为线性极化状态。实验观测与数值模拟都表明，矢量孤子的生成并不依赖于特定的波长，显示出良好的波长稳定性。文章的关键词包括：矢量孤子、光纤激光器以及超快光学。这一研究成果对于理解光纤激光器的非线性动力学行为以及优化超快光脉冲的产生具有重要意义。在实际应用中，矢量孤子可能被用于高精度的光学通信、光谱学、遥感以及超快脉冲激光加工等领域，因为它可以提供稳定且可调谐的光脉冲，对提高系统的性能和可靠性具有潜在价值。

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 26, NO. 8, APRIL 15, 2014 769

Vector Soliton Generation in a Tm Fiber Laser

Yong Wang, Siming Wang, Jiaolin Luo, Yanqi Ge, Lei Li, Dingyuan Tang, Deyuan Shen,

Shumin Zhang, Frank W. Wise, and Luming Zhao, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—Vector soliton generation is experimentally demon-

strated in an all-ﬁber Tm/Ho-doped ﬁber laser operated at

1951 nm. To the best of our knowledge, it is the ﬁrst clear evidence

of group-velocity-locked vector soliton formation around 2 µm.

Numerical simulation well reproduces the experimental obser-

vation and suggests that the central wavelength shift between

the two orthogonal polarized components of the vector soliton is

determined by the cavity birefringence. The central wavelength

shift increased with the increasing of the cavity birefringence.

However, the vector solitons become linearly polarized if the

cavity birefringence is too strong. Experimental observation

and numerical simulations both suggest that the vector soliton

generation is wavelength independent.

Index Terms— Vector soliton, optical ﬁber lasers, ultrafast

optics.

I. INTRODUCTION

ECTOR solitons refer to solitons with multiple compo-

nents trapped together and propagating with same group

velocity in the media. Except the polarization maintaining

ﬁber, generally speaking, ﬁbers have weak birefringence.

In another word, there are two orthogonal polarization direc-

tions in a ﬁber. Therefore, vector solitons could be generated

in ﬁbers. Curtis R. Menyuk ﬁrst predicted the existence of

vector solitons in optical ﬁbers [1], [2]. The central frequency

shift between orthogonal polarizations is able to lock the

two polarizations together. That is, regardless of the intrinsic

group velocity difference caused by the ﬁber birefringence,

two solitons formed along each polarization direction of a

weakly birefringent ﬁber can trap each other and propagate

as a non-dispersive unit.

Manuscript received January 10, 2014; revised February 6, 2014; accepted

February 10, 2014. Date of publication February 12, 2014; date of current

version March 20, 2014. This work was supported in part by the National

Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61275109 and in part by

the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education

Institutions.

Y. Wang and D. Shen are with the School of Physics and Electronic

Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China, also with

the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Materials and Devices,

Jiangsu 212013, China, and also with the Department of Optical Sci-

ence and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (e-mail:

Wangyong@jsnu..edu.cn; shendy@fudan.edu.cn).

S. Wang, J. Luo, Y. Ge, L. Li, D. Tang, and L. Zhao are with the

School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University,

Xuzhou 221116, China, and also with the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of

Advanced Laser Materials and Devices, Jiangsu 212013, China (e-mail:

sukhoi1939@foxmail.com; 1002746911@qq.com; 14744431@qq.com;

lileiblue_11@163.com; tangdingyuan@jsnu.edu.cn; lmzhao@ieee.org).

S. Zhang is with the College of Physics Science and Information Engi-

neering, Hebei Advanced Thin Films Laboratory, Hebei Normal University,

Shijiazhuang 050024, China (e-mail: zhangsm@mail.hebtu.edu.cn).

F. W. Wise is with the Department of Applied Physics, Cornell University,

Ithaca, NY 14853 USA (e-mail: fww1@cornell.edu).

Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this letter are available

online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/LPT.2014.2305988

Soliton trapping effect has been experimentally

demonstrated either in optical ﬁbers [3], [4], or in ﬁber

lasers [5]–[7]. Solitons generated in ﬁber lasers are different

from those formed in ﬁbers. Apart from the balanced

interaction between the cavity dispersion effect and the ﬁber

nonlinear effect imposed on the pulses propagating in the ﬁber

laser cavity, solitons generated in ﬁber lasers are subject to

the dynamic balance between the cavity gain and loss, as well

as the cavity boundary condition. If the ﬁber laser is operated

in the anomalous dispersion regime, characteristic sideband

structure appears on the optical spectrum due to the periodic

discrete perturbations of the cavity components [8]. The

sideband position on the soliton spectrum is determined by the

soliton parameters and the net cavity dispersion. Generally the

sidebands are narrow and pair-wise symmetric to the soliton

peak wavelength. Therefore, the sidebands could function as

a good indicator to suggest the wavelength/frequency shift

between the solitons along the two orthogonal polarizations.

Zhao et al have experimentally observed and numerically

conﬁrmed that depending on the net cavity birefringence,

there may exist two sets of soliton sidebands on the vector

soliton spectrum in an erbium-doped ﬁber laser operated in

the anomalous dispersion regime around 1.55 μm [5]. The

wavelength shift between the same order sidebands depends

on the cavity birefringence. For ﬁber lasers operated in the

normal dispersion regime, wavelength shift as-well exists [6]

even though there are no sidebands on the soliton spec-

trum and the solitons are chirped. Recently the experimental

observation of vector solitons with locked and precessing

states of polarization for fundamental and multipulse soliton

operations [9], and soliton molecules [10] are reported in

a carbon nanotube mode-locked ﬁber laser with anomalous

dispersion laser cavity.

The wavelength regime around 2 μm is part of the so-called

“eye safe” wavelength region. Laser systems operated in this

region have exceptional advantage for free space applications,

as well as for medical applications due to the strong water

absorption. As the ﬁber birefringence is caused by deviations

of the core shape from circularity, by transverse internal stress,

or by residual twist especially in a ﬁber laser cavity, it is

desired to know whether the vector solitons could be generated

in this wavelength regime or not. In this letter we report the

vector soliton generation in an all-ﬁber Tm/Ho-doped ﬁber

laser operated around 1950 nm. To the best of our knowledge,

it is the ﬁrst clear evidence of group-velocity-locked vector

soliton formation around 2 μm. We numerically demonstrate

that the central wavelength shift between the two orthogonally

polarized components of the vector soliton is determined by

the cavity birefringence. With moderate ﬁber birefringence,

See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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