光纤通信系统基础：Govind P. Agrawal的经典教材解析

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"Fiber-Optic Communication Systems 3ed--Govind P. Agrawal" 光纤通信系统是现代通信网络中的核心技术，特别是在长距离、高速率的数据传输方面发挥着关键作用。本书“Fiber-Optic Communication Systems 3rd Edition”由Govind P. Agrawal撰写，他作为The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester的研究员，具有深厚的光学与通信领域知识。此书是该领域的经典教材，涵盖了光纤通信的基础知识和主要技术原理。在光纤通信中，光信号通过玻璃或塑料纤维传输，利用光的全反射特性实现长距离传播。这一技术的核心部分包括光源、光纤、光检测器以及相关的信号处理技术。以下是书中可能涉及的一些关键知识点： 1. 光源：光纤通信系统通常使用激光二极管（LD）或分布反馈激光器（DFB-LD）作为光源，它们能发射单色性好、功率稳定的光束。此外，垂直腔面发射激光器（VCSEL）在短距离通信中也得到广泛应用。 2. 光纤：光纤由芯、包层和保护套构成，芯部负责光信号的传输。光纤分为多模光纤和单模光纤，多模光纤允许多种光线路径，适用于短距离通信；而单模光纤只允许一种模式传播，适合长距离传输，具有更低的损耗和更高的带宽。 3. 光检测器：光接收端使用光电二极管（PIN）或雪崩光电二极管（APD）将接收到的光信号转换为电信号。这些器件的选择取决于系统的需求，如灵敏度、响应速度和噪声性能。 4. 信号调制：调制是将信息负载到光载波上的过程，常见的调制方式有强度调制（IM）、频率调制（FM）和相位调制（PM）。这些调制方式在不同的应用场景中各有优劣。 5. 光放大器：光纤中的损耗会导致信号强度下降，光放大器如掺铒光纤放大器（EDFA）可以用于中继光信号，减少信号衰减。 6. 光复用技术：波分复用（WDM）、时分复用（TDM）和码分多址（CDMA）等技术提高了光纤通信的容量，使得一根光纤可以同时传输多个独立的信号。 7. 光纤连接与耦合：光纤的连接需要高精度，以确保光信号的有效传输。光纤连接器和耦合器的设计与制造是关键技术。 8. 光纤通信系统的噪声和干扰：书中还会讨论光信号在传输过程中可能遇到的各种噪声源，如热噪声、散射噪声和非线性效应，以及如何通过优化系统设计来减少它们的影响。 9. 光纤通信的最新发展：随着科技的进步，光纤通信系统不断演进，例如量子通信、光子集成电路和光子计算等前沿技术也在书中有所涉及。 “Fiber-Optic Communication Systems 3rd Edition”是一本全面介绍光纤通信基础与技术的教材，对于理解这一领域的核心概念、工作原理以及最新进展具有极高的参考价值。

Preface

Since the publication of the ﬁrst edition of this book in 1992, the state of the art of

ﬁber-optic communication systems has advanced dramatically despite the relatively

short period of only 10 years between the ﬁrst and third editions. For example, the

highest capacity of commercial ﬁber-optic links available in 1992 was only 2.5 Gb/s.

A mere 4 years later, the wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) systems with the

total capacity of 40 Gb/s became available commercially. By 2001, the capacity of

commercial WDM systems exceeded 1.6 Tb/s, and the prospect of lightwave systems

operating at 3.2 Tb/s or more were in sight. During the last 2 years, the capacity

of transoceanic lightwave systems installed worldwide has exploded. Moreover, sev-

eral other undersea networks were in the construction phase in December 2001. A

global network covering 250,000 km with a capacity of 2.56 Tb/s (64 WDM channels

at 10 Gb/s over 4 ﬁber pairs) is scheduled to be operationalin 2002. Several conference

papers presented in 2001 have demonstrated that lightwave systems operating at a bit

rate of more than 10 Tb/s are within reach. Just a few years ago it was unimaginable

that lightwave systems would approach the capacity of even 1 Tb/s by 2001.

The second edition of this book appeared in 1997. It has been well received by

the scientiﬁc community involved with lightwave technology. Because of the rapid ad-

vances that have occurred over the last 5 years, the publisher and I deemed it necessary

to bring out the third edition if the book were to continue to provide a comprehensive

and up-to-date account of ﬁber-optic communication systems. The result is in your

hands. The primary objective of the book remains the same. Speciﬁcally, it should be

able to serve both as a textbook and a reference monograph. For this reason, the em-

phasis is on the physical understanding, but the engineering aspects are also discussed

throughout the text.

Because of the large amount of material that needed to be added to provide com-

prehensive coverage, the book size has increased considerably compared with the ﬁrst

edition. Although all chapters have been updated, the major changes have occurred in

Chapters 6–9. I have taken this opportunity to rearrange the material such that it is bet-

ter suited for a two-semester course on optical communications. Chapters 1–5 provide

the basic foundation while Chapters 6–10 cover the issues related to the design of ad-

vanced lightwave systems. More speciﬁcally, after the introduction of the elementary

concepts in Chapter 1, Chapters 2–4 are devoted to the three primary components of a

ﬁber-optic communications—optical ﬁbers, optical transmitters, and optical receivers.

Chapter 5 then focuses on the system design issues. Chapters 6 and 7 are devoted to

the advanced techniques used for the management of ﬁber losses and chromatic dis-

xvi

PREFACE

persion, respectively. Chapter 8 focuses on the use of wavelength- and time-division

multiplexing techniques for optical networks. Code-division multiplexing is also a part

of this chapter. The use of optical solitons for ﬁber-optic systems is discussed in Chap-

ter 9. Coherent lightwave systems are now covered in the last chapter. More than 30%

of the material in Chapter 6–9 is new because of the rapid development of the WDM

technology over the last 5 years. The contents of the book reﬂect the state of the art of

lightwave transmission systems in 2001.

The primary role of this book is as a graduate-level textbook in the ﬁeld of optical

communications. An attempt is made to include as much recent material as possible

so that students are exposed to the recent advances in this exciting ﬁeld. The book can

also serve as a reference text for researchers already engaged in or wishing to enter

the ﬁeld of optical ﬁber communications. The reference list at the end of each chapter

is more elaborate than what is common for a typical textbook. The listing of recent

research papers should be useful for researchers using this book as a reference. At

the same time, students can beneﬁt from it if they are assigned problems requiring

reading of the original research papers. A set of problems is included at the end of

each chapter to help both the teacher and the student. Although written primarily for

graduate students, the book can also be used for an undergraduate course at the senior

level with an appropriate selection of topics. Parts of the book can be used for several

other related courses. For example, Chapter 2 can be used for a course on optical

waveguides, and Chapter 3 can be useful for a course on optoelectronics.

Many universities in the United States and elsewhere offer a course on optical com-

munications as a part of their curriculum in electrical engineering, physics, or optics. I

have taught such a course since 1989 to the graduate students of the Institute of Optics,

and this book indeed grew out of my lecture notes. I am aware that it is used as a text-

book by many instructors worldwide—a fact that gives me immense satisfaction. I am

acutely aware of a problem that is a side effect of an enlarged revised edition. How can

a teacher ﬁt all this material in a one-semester course on optical communications?I

have to struggle with the same question. In fact, it is impossible to cover the entire book

in one semester. The best solution is to offer a two-semester course covering Chapters

1 through 5 during the ﬁrst semester, leaving the remainder for the second semester.

However, not many universities may have the luxury of offering a two-semester course

on optical communications. The book can be used for a one-semester course provided

that the instructor makes a selection of topics. For example, Chapter 3 can be skipped

if the students have taken a laser course previously. If only parts of Chapters 6 through

10 are covered to provide students a glimpse of the recent advances, the material can

ﬁt in a single one-semester course offered either at the senior level for undergraduates

or to graduate students.

This edition of the book features a compact disk (CD) on the back cover provided

by the Optiwave Corporation. The CD contains a state-of-the art software package

suitable for designing modern lightwave systems. It also contains additional problems

for each chapter that can be solved by using the software package. Appendix E provides

more details about the software and the problems. It is my hope that the CD will help

to train the students and will prepare them better for an industrial job.

A large number of persons have contributedto this book either directly or indirectly.

It is impossible to mention all of them by name. I thank my graduate students and the

Chapter 1

Introduction

A communication system transmits information from one place to another, whether

separated by a few kilometers or by transoceanic distances. Information is often car-

ried by an electromagnetic carrier wave whose frequency can vary from a few mega-

hertz to several hundred terahertz. Optical communication systems use high carrier

frequencies (∼100 THz) in the visible or near-infrared region of the electromagnetic

spectrum. They are sometimes called lightwave systems to distinguish them from mi-

crowave systems, whose carrier frequency is typically smaller by ﬁve orders of mag-

nitude (∼1 GHz). Fiber-optic communication systems are lightwave systems that em-

ploy optical ﬁbers for information transmission. Such systems have been deployed

worldwide since 1980 and have indeed revolutionized the technology behind telecom-

munications. Indeed, the lightwave technology, together with microelectronics, is be-

lieved to be a major factor in the advent of the “information age.” The objective of

this book is to describe ﬁber-optic communication systems in a comprehensive man-

ner. The emphasis is on the fundamental aspects, but the engineering issues are also

discussed. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to present the basic concepts and

to provide the background material. Section 1.1 gives a historical perspective on the

development of optical communication systems. In Section 1.2 we cover concepts such

as analog and digital signals, channel multiplexing, and modulation formats. Relative

merits of guided and unguided optical communication systems are discussed in Sec-

tion 1.3. The last section focuses on the building blocks of a ﬁber-optic communication

system.

1.1 Historical Perspective

The use of light for communication purposes dates back to antiquity if we interpret

optical communications in a broad sense [1]. Most civilizations have used mirrors, ﬁre

beacons, or smoke signals to convey a single piece of information (such as victory in

a war). Essentially the same idea was used up to the end of the eighteenth century

through signaling lamps, ﬂags, and other semaphore devices. The idea was extended

further, following a suggestion of Claude Chappe in 1792, to transmit mechanically

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