Ajax核心技术指南：探索异步请求的深度应用

异步请求权威

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"Ajax.The.Definitive.Guide(2008.1)" Ajax，全称为"Asynchronous JavaScript and XML"，是一种在不刷新整个网页的情况下，能够更新部分网页内容的技术。在2008年的《Ajax权威指南》中，作者详细阐述了如何利用Ajax技术来构建更加高效、响应式和用户体验更佳的Web应用程序。这本书对于当时的IT行业具有重要意义，因为它推动了Web开发的一次革命，使得动态交互式的Web应用成为可能。 Ajax的核心在于其异步性，这意味着用户可以继续浏览或与页面的其他部分交互，而无需等待服务器的响应。这极大地提高了用户体验，因为在传统的Web应用中，用户必须等待整个页面重新加载才能看到新的内容。Ajax通过JavaScript在后台与服务器通信，通常使用XML（尽管后来JSON变得更受欢迎）来交换数据，并使用DOM（文档对象模型）来动态更新页面。书中涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **JavaScript基础**：理解JavaScript是使用Ajax的基础，包括变量、函数、对象、事件处理等基础知识，以及如何使用JavaScript与DOM交互。 2. **XMLHttpRequest对象**：这是实现Ajax的关键，它允许JavaScript创建并发送HTTP请求到服务器，同时接收服务器返回的数据。 3. **数据格式**：虽然书名中有XML，但实际应用中，JSON也常被用作数据交换格式，因为它的体积小、解析快，更适合于Web传输。 4. **DOM操作**：利用DOM API动态地修改页面元素，将服务器返回的数据展示给用户。 5. **浏览器兼容性**：由于不同浏览器对Ajax的支持程度不同，开发者需要考虑如何编写跨浏览器的代码。 6. **设计模式**：书中可能探讨了一些Ajax开发中的设计模式，如模块化、缓存策略、错误处理等，这些对于构建大型复杂应用至关重要。 7. **安全和性能**：如何确保Ajax应用的安全，避免XSS（跨站脚本攻击）和CSRF（跨站请求伪造）等安全问题，以及优化Ajax请求以提高性能。除此之外，书中还可能涉及了与其他技术（如Java、Ruby on Rails、ASP.NET AJAX）集成的实践方法，以及如何在实际项目中运用Ajax提升Web应用的用户体验。此外，O'Reilly出版社提供了丰富的相关资源，包括其他Ajax书籍、文章、博客和代码示例，供读者深入学习和研究。总而言之，《Ajax权威指南》是一本详尽的教程，旨在帮助开发者充分利用Ajax技术，创建出更具交互性和效率的Web应用程序。无论是在2008年还是现在，了解和掌握Ajax都是提升Web开发技能的重要步骤。

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xiv

Preface

Who Should Read This Book

This book is intended for two very different types of people: web developers, and

project managers or other higher-level people who do not necessarily need to know

the nitty-gritty details but would benefit from a general overview of how this Ajax

stuff works. The different parts of the book will reflect these different audiences.

Web Developers

For web developers, this book assumes the following:

• You have had some experience with HTML/XHTML.

• You have experience using CSS, and you understand the principles behind sepa-

rating presentation from content.

• You understand JavaScript syntax and have written scripts with it.

• You are comfortable with server-side scripting in at least one language, whether

it be ASP.NET, PHP, Python, or something similar.

• You have some experience with relational databases and how to retrieve data

from them.

This book does not expect you to be an expert in all of these skills, but it does expect

that you can figure things out on your own or that you can get help from another

resource (another book on the technology, perhaps) so that you can follow along

with the examples presented.

Server-side code examples throughout the book will use PHP, as it seems to be the

most readily understandable to the widest range of developers.

Managers

Project managers reading this book may not need such a rigid set of prerequisites.

This book expects that you have seen web technology before and that you under-

stand the concept of client-side and server-side development. It also expects that you

can recognize HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, though there is no need to have ever done

anything with them. Finally, this book expects that Internet terms and phrases are

not foreign to you so that you can follow along with the examples. Managers will

probably want to spend more time on the first three chapters to get a broad idea of

how Ajax fits into the Web and into application development.

How This Book Is Organized

This book consists of five parts, each focusing on a different aspect of Ajax. It is cer-

tainly not necessary to read it from beginning to end, though later parts of the book

do build on ideas from previous parts. The five parts of the book comprise 23 chapters

Preface

and four appendixes. Part I is intended for project managers looking to get a leg up

on Ajax, or for anyone who is looking for its fundamentals. The rest of the book

focuses on using Ajax from a programming point of view.

Part I, Ajax Fundamentals, explains the basic technologies that form the core of Ajax

and building Ajax applications:

Chapter 1, Reinventing the Web

Demonstrates how the first web sites were completely data-driven sites without

the benefit of tools to improve page presentation, whereas today’s Web is com-

pletely different. From the tools that are used to develop sites to the fact that the

Web is now very much driven by a combination of media and data, today is

nothing like yesterday.

Chapter 2, From Web Sites to Web Applications

Explains the nature of web site construction in the past versus the applications

they have become, and the fact that they require the same process and design

approach utilized by developers for regular desktop applications.

Chapter 3, Servers, Databases, and the Web

Shows the technologies available on the server side of web applications, briefly

discussing each and how you can use them as a backend to an Ajax application.

An introduction to databases rounds out the topic.

Chapter 4, Foundations: Scripting XML and JSON

Gives the foundation for all Ajax requests using the

XMLHttpRequest

object, and

explores XML and JSON responses and their advantages and disadvantages.

Frameworks that make Ajax simpler are also addressed.

Chapter 5, Manipulating the DOM

Explores manipulation and utilization of the DOM for JavaScript, examining dif-

ferences between Internet Explorer’s handling of the DOM versus that of other

browsers. This chapter also gives an overview of everything necessary for a devel-

oper to work with the DOM.

Chapter 6, Designing Ajax Interfaces

Examines the different parts of a web interface and how to lay out an Ajax appli-

cation so that it is usable, functional, visually pleasing, and accessible.

Part II, Ajax Foundations, describes how these technologies are applied in an Ajax

web application:

Chapter 7, Laying Out Site Navigation

Shows the different components that make up a web application and how you

can enhance them using Ajax. This chapter also explores how some Ajax tech-

niques can break browser functionality.

Chapter 8, Fun with Tables and Lists

Examines how to properly create a table, enhance it, and add functionality with

Ajax. It also discusses the different uses for Ajax-enhanced lists.

xvi

Preface

Chapter 9, Page Layout with Frames That Aren’t

Explores frames and

iframe

s and their use before XHTML was introduced, and

explains how to emulate their behavior using XML with Ajax, JavaScript, and CSS.

Chapter 10, Navigation Boxes and Windows

Examines how to create navigation controls that do not rely on the default

browser’s window to display messages to the user, by using Ajax to transport

information back and forth between client and server.

Chapter 11, Customizing the Client

Shows how to customize the user’s experience with an application that uses Ajax

to send new data to the client when the user requests it, giving the application a

Web 2.0 feel.

Chapter 12, Errors: To Be (in Style) or Not to Be

Shows how to handle errors thrown by the application, how to use Ajax to send

messages back to the server when it is called for, and how to determine when to

display errors to the user.

Chapter 13, This Ain’t Your Father’s Animation

Examines the traditional method for animating images on the Internet, the dis-

advantages of using the GIF format, and the advantages of the PNG format.

Then this chapter shows how you can use PNGs for animation on the Web and

how to use Ajax to asynchronously download images in the background.

Chapter 14, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Form

Explains the significance of forms on the Web, regardless of the backend

markup used, and shows the additions for making forms accessible. Then this

chapter examines how you can build custom form types to follow the style of the

overall page, and how Ajax is used in Web 2.0 forms.

Chapter 15, Data Validation: Client, Server, or Both

Shows how Ajax can aid in the validation of data in an XHTML form without

requiring a lot of extra time on behalf of the client, and where validation should

take place in a web application.

Part III, Ajax in Applications, shows you how to integrate Ajax into applications to

create faster and more responsive web components:

Chapter 16, Search: The New Frontier

Explores available methods for searching pages on a site, their advantages and

disadvantages, and how you can leverage Ajax to bring more intelligent and

helpful functionality to searching.

Chapter 17, Introducing Web Services

Examines web services and their role on the Internet, exploring the different proto-

cols that are used—from SOAP to REST and everything in between—and shows

how you can take advantage of these services with Ajax behind the scenes.

Preface

xvii

Chapter 18, Web Services: The APIs

Gives a brief introduction to some of the web services that are available on the

Internet, and how to use the APIs that make up the frontend to these services.

This chapter also shows how JavaScript and Ajax can take advantage of these

services in creating dynamic content.

Chapter 19, Mashups

Explains how mashups are created from different web services and how Ajax can

bring together services in a way that makes them even more seamless than the

original mashups.

Chapter 20, For Your Business Communication Needs

Shows how you can use the different techniques you learned in the first parts of

this book to develop components for business applications, and how you can

use these components to build a business mashup that has desktop application

functionality.

Chapter 21, Internet Games Without Plug-ins

Shows how to build on the techniques you learned earlier in this book to

develop an Internet game that relies on JavaScript and Ajax without the need for

browser plug-ins. This chapter also examines the different gaming genres and

explains which ones make the best Internet games for Ajax.

Part IV, Wrapping Up, summarizes how to best structure Ajax applications, and how

to write them with optimization in mind:

Chapter 22, Modular Coding

Explains modular coding through all aspects of the application, from the

XHTML markup, CSS styling, and JavaScript functionality on the client side, to

server modules and SQL stored procedures on the server side, and what this pro-

gramming technique brings to an application.

Chapter 23, Optimizing Ajax Applications

Explores techniques that you can use on both the client side and the server side

of an Ajax application to make it run as quickly and efficiently as possible in

light of the web technologies used.

Part V, References, contains the appendixes that refer you to important parts of Ajax

development:

Appendix A, The XML and XSLT You Need to Know

Discusses XML and XSLT, how to use them, and how to leverage them within a

web framework.

Appendix B, JavaScript Framework, Toolkit, and Library References

Discusses the major JavaScript frameworks, libraries, and toolkits—including

Prototype, script.aculo.us, Dojo, Ajax.NET, the Yahoo! User Interface, and

others—showing how each implements an Ajax wrapper or manipulates XML.

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