As originally planned, the book was to have two parts, one out-
lining the traditional view, the other analyzing what is wrong with
it, with a small section at the end on alternatives. After discussions
with many students, we became convinced that these are not the
main things students are looking for: They don't want to know
the old way of thinking and why it is wrong, they want to know the
new way of thinking and why it is right. This realization entirely
changed the book's character. It still contains a chapter, albeit a
short one, on the traditional approach: The classical way of think-
ing about intelligence is still dominant not only in scienti®c circles,
but also in people's everyday thinking (chapter 2). Most of us are
comfortable with the idea that the human is an information pro-
cessing system and that intelligence is located in the brain. What
other explanation could there be? Chapter 3 presents the reasons
why these kinds of explanations are insuf®cient and have led to
insurmountable problems.
The next part (chapter 4) provides the theoretical groundwork for
understanding the terminology and the various approaches dis-
cussed in the literature. This part may be dif®cult reading for some,
but it is absolutely essential to appreciating the rest of the book. In
it, we discuss the idea of ``complete agents,'' which are the crea-
tures we want to build. You may ®nd that not everything in this
chapter becomes clear at the ®rst reading. The best strategy in such
cases is to read on and return to this chapter again later. As part of
the basics, we have included an introduction to neural networks
(chapter 5), which you may choose to skip if you already have a
background in neural networks. Even in that case, however, we
would recommend that you at least skim the chapter because it
is speci®cally geared toward neural networks for autonomous
agents, a type of network not often covered in detail in the standard
literature.
The next section reviews the major approaches that have been
suggested in the literature, including the Braitenberg vehicles
(chapter 6), the subsumption architecture (chapter 7), and the
evolutionary approach and arti®cial life (chapter 8), as well as
dynamical systems, behavioral economics, and schema-based
approaches (chapter 9).
The section on principles of intelligent systems is one of the core
sections. It summarizes the insights of the ®eld, and the consensus
Ðto the extent that it existsÐin a compact, general way (chapter
10). Chapters 11 through 14 elaborate the principles governing
Preface
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