PythonCrashCourse3rdEdition-2022-英文版.pdf_pythoncrashcourse3rd

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xivContents in Detail

Other Style Guidelines........................................ 69

Exercise 4-14: PEP 8 ........................................ 70

Exercise 4-15: Code Review ................................... 70

Summary ....................................................... 70

IF STATEMENTS 71

A Simple Example ................................................. 72

Conditional Tests .................................................. 72

Checking for Equality ........................................ 72

Ignoring Case When Checking for Equality ......................... 73

Checking for Inequality ....................................... 74

Numerical Comparisons ...................................... 74

Checking Multiple Conditions ................................... 75

Checking Whether a Value Is in a List ............................. 76

Checking Whether a Value Is Not in a List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Boolean Expressions ......................................... 77

Exercise 5-1: Conditional Tests ................................. 77

Exercise 5-2: More Conditional Tests ............................. 78

if Statements ..................................................... 78

Simple if Statements ......................................... 78

if-else Statements............................................ 79

The if-elif-else Chain ......................................... 80

Using Multiple elif Blocks ...................................... 81

Omitting the else Block ....................................... 82

Testing Multiple Conditions..................................... 82

Exercise 5-3: Alien Colors #1 .................................. 84

Exercise 5-4: Alien Colors #2 .................................. 84

Exercise 5-5: Alien Colors #3 .................................. 84

Exercise 5-6: Stages of Life .................................... 84

Exercise 5-7: Favorite Fruit .................................... 85

Using if Statements with Lists .......................................... 85

Checking for Special Items ..................................... 85

Checking That a List Is Not Empty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Using Multiple Lists .......................................... 87

Exercise 5-8: Hello Admin .................................... 88

Exercise 5-9: No Users ...................................... 88

Exercise 5-10: Checking Usernames ............................. 88

Exercise 5-11: Ordinal Numbers ................................ 88

Styling Your if Statements ............................................ 89

Exercise 5-12: Styling if Statements .............................. 89

Exercise 5-13: Your Ideas ..................................... 89

Summary ....................................................... 89

DICTIONARIES 91

A Simple Dictionary ................................................ 92

Working with Dictionaries ............................................ 92

Accessing Values in a Dictionary................................. 92

Adding New Key-Value Pairs ................................... 93

Starting with an Empty Dictionary ................................ 94

Contents in Detailxv

Modifying Values in a Dictionary ................................ 94

Removing Key-Value Pairs ..................................... 96

A Dictionary of Similar Objects.................................. 96

Using get() to Access Values .................................... 97

Exercise 6-1: Person ........................................ 98

Exercise 6-2: Favorite Numbers ................................ 98

Exercise 6-3: Glossary ....................................... 99

Looping Through a Dictionary ......................................... 99

Looping Through All Key-Value Pairs .............................. 99

Looping Through All the Keys in a Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Looping Through a Dictionary’s Keys in a Particular Order.............. 102

Looping Through All Values in a Dictionary ........................ 103

Exercise 6-4: Glossary 2 .................................... 104

Exercise 6-5: Rivers ........................................ 105

Exercise 6-6: Polling ....................................... 105

Nesting........................................................ 105

A List of Dictionaries ........................................ 105

A List in a Dictionary ........................................ 108

A Dictionary in a Dictionary................................... 110

Exercise 6-7: People ....................................... 111

Exercise 6-8: Pets ......................................... 111

Exercise 6-9: Favorite Places ................................. 111

Exercise 6-10: Favorite Numbers .............................. 111

Exercise 6-11: Cities ....................................... 111

Exercise 6-12: Extensions .................................... 111

Summary ...................................................... 111

USER INPUT AND WHILE LOOPS 113

How the input() Function Works ....................................... 114

Writing Clear Prompts ....................................... 114

Using int() to Accept Numerical Input............................. 115

The Modulo Operator ....................................... 116

Exercise 7-1: Rental Car ..................................... 117

Exercise 7-2: Restaurant Seating ............................... 117

Exercise 7-3: Multiples of Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Introducing while Loops ............................................ 117

The while Loop in Action ..................................... 117

Letting the User Choose When to Quit ............................ 118

Using a Flag.............................................. 120

Using break to Exit a Loop .................................... 121

Using continue in a Loop ..................................... 122

Avoiding Infinite Loops....................................... 122

Exercise 7-4: Pizza Toppings ................................123

Exercise 7-5: Movie Tickets .................................. 123

Exercise 7-6: Three Exits .................................... 123

Exercise 7-7: Infinity ....................................... 123

Using a while Loop with Lists and Dictionaries ............................. 124

Moving Items from One List to Another............................ 124

Removing All Instances of Specific Values from a List .................. 125

Filling a Dictionary with User Input .............................. 125

Exercise 7-8: Deli ......................................... 127

xviContents in Detail

Exercise 7-9: No Pastrami ................................... 127

Exercise 7-10: Dream Vacation ................................ 127

Summary ...................................................... 127

FUNCTIONS 129

Defining a Function ............................................... 130

Passing Information to a Function ............................... 130

Arguments and Parameters.................................... 131

Exercise 8-1: Message ...................................... 131

Exercise 8-2: Favorite Book .................................. 131

Passing Arguments ................................................ 131

Positional Arguments ........................................ 132

Keyword Arguments ........................................ 133

Default Values............................................. 134

Equivalent Function Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Avoiding Argument Errors .................................... 136

Exercise 8-3: T-Shirt ........................................ 136

Exercise 8-4: Large Shirts .................................... 137

Exercise 8-5: Cities ........................................ 137

Return Values.................................................... 137

Returning a Simple Value ..................................... 137

Making an Argument Optional ................................. 138

Returning a Dictionary ....................................... 139

Using a Function with a while Loop .............................. 140

Exercise 8-6: City Names .................................... 141

Exercise 8-7: Album ....................................... 142

Exercise 8-8: User Albums ................................... 142

Passing a List.................................................... 142

Modifying a List in a Function .................................. 143

Preventing a Function from Modifying a List ........................ 145

Exercise 8-9: Messages ..................................... 146

Exercise 8-10: Sending Messages .............................. 146

Exercise 8-11: Archived Messages ............................. 146

Passing an Arbitrary Number of Arguments............................... 146

Mixing Positional and Arbitrary Arguments ........................ 147

Using Arbitrary Keyword Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Exercise 8-12: Sandwiches ................................... 149

Exercise 8-13: User Profile ................................... 149

Exercise 8-14: Cars ........................................ 149

Storing Your Functions in Modules ..................................... 149

Importing an Entire Module ................................... 150

Importing Specific Functions ................................... 151

Using as to Give a Function an Alias............................. 151

Using as to Give a Module an Alias ............................. 152

Importing All Functions in a Module ............................. 152

Styling Functions ................................................. 153

Exercise 8-15: Printing Models ................................ 154

Exercise 8-16: Imports ...................................... 154

Exercise 8-17: Styling Functions ............................... 154

Summary ...................................................... 154

Contents in Detailxvii

CLASSES 157

Creating and Using a Class.......................................... 158

Creating the Dog Class ...................................... 158

The __init__() Method ....................................... 159

Making an Instance from a Class ............................... 159

Exercise 9-1: Restaurant ..................................... 162

Exercise 9-2: Three Restaurants ................................ 162

Exercise 9-3: Users ........................................ 162

Working with Classes and Instances.................................... 162

The Car Class............................................. 162

Setting a Default Value for an Attribute ........................... 163

Modifying Attribute Values .................................... 164

Exercise 9-4: Number Served ................................. 166

Exercise 9-5: Login Attempts ....................................167

Inheritance ..................................................... 167

The __init__() Method for a Child Class ........................... 167

Defining Attributes and Methods for the Child Class .................. 169

Overriding Methods from the Parent Class ......................... 170

Instances as Attributes ....................................... 170

Modeling Real-World Objects.................................. 172

Exercise 9-6: Ice Cream Stand ................................ 173

Exercise 9-7: Admin ....................................... 173

Exercise 9-8: Privileges ..................................... 173

Exercise 9-9: Battery Upgrade ................................ 173

Importing Classes................................................. 173

Importing a Single Class ..................................... 174

Storing Multiple Classes in a Module............................. 175

Importing Multiple Classes from a Module ......................... 176

Importing an Entire Module ................................... 176

Importing All Classes from a Module ............................. 177

Importing a Module into a Module .............................. 177

Using Aliases ............................................. 178

Finding Your Own Workflow .................................. 179

Exercise 9-10: Imported Restaurant ............................. 179

Exercise 9-11: Imported Admin ................................ 179

Exercise 9-12: Multiple Modules ............................... 179

The Python Standard Library ......................................... 179

Exercise 9-13: Dice ........................................ 180

Exercise 9-14: Lottery ...................................... 180

Exercise 9-15: Lottery Analysis ................................ 180

Exercise 9-16: Python Module of the Week ....................... 180

Styling Classes................................................... 181

Summary ...................................................... 181

FILES AND EXCEPTIONS 183

Reading from a File ............................................... 184

Reading the Contents of a File ................................. 184

Relative and Absolute File Paths ................................ 186

Accessing a File’s Lines ...................................... 186

xviiiContents in Detail

Working with a File’s Contents ................................. 187

Large Files: One Million Digits ................................. 188

Is Your Birthday Contained in Pi? ............................... 189

Exercise 10-1: Learning Python ................................ 189

Exercise 10-2: Learning C ................................... 190

Exercise 10-3: Simpler Code ................................. 190

Writing to a File.................................................. 190

Writing a Single Line ........................................ 190

Writing Multiple Lines ....................................... 191

Exercise 10-4: Guest ....................................... 192

Exercise 10-5: Guest Book ......................................192

Exceptions...................................................... 192

Handling the ZeroDivisionError Exception ......................... 192

Using try-except Blocks ...................................... 193

Using Exceptions to Prevent Crashes ............................. 193

The else Block............................................. 194

Handling the FileNotFoundError Exception ......................... 195

Analyzing Text ............................................ 196

Working with Multiple Files ................................... 197

Failing Silently ............................................ 198

Deciding Which Errors to Report................................ 199

Exercise 10-6: Addition ..................................... 200

Exercise 10-7: Addition Calculator ............................. 200

Exercise 10-8: Cats and Dogs ................................ 200

Exercise 10-9: Silent Cats and Dogs ............................ 200

Exercise 10-10: Common Words .............................. 200

Storing Data .................................................... 201

Using json.dumps() and json.loads() ............................. 201

Saving and Reading User-Generated Data ......................... 202

Refactoring............................................... 204

Exercise 10-11: Favorite Number .............................. 206

Exercise 10-12: Favorite Number Remembered .................... 206

Exercise 10-13: User Dictionary ............................... 206

Exercise 10-14: Verify User .................................. 206

Summary ...................................................... 207

TESTING YOUR CODE 209

Installing pytest with pip ............................................ 210

Updating pip ............................................. 210

Installing pytest ............................................ 211

Testing a Function................................................. 211

Unit Tests and Test Cases ..................................... 212

A Passing Test............................................. 212

Running a Test ............................................ 213

A Failing Test ............................................. 214

Responding to a Failed Test ................................... 215

Adding New Tests.......................................... 216

Exercise 11-1: City, Country .................................. 217

Exercise 11-2: Population .......................................217

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