家庭中的次生困境：父母瘫痪现象
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"Parentalplegia 是一篇学术论文，由Joseph N. Murray（肯特州立大学）和Charles J. Cornell（奥罗拉市学校）共同撰写，发表在1981年的《Plyrhology in the Schools》杂志上，卷18，页码201-207。该论文探讨了在有身心障碍儿童家庭中出现的一种微妙的次生状况——"父母瘫痪"（Parentalplegia）。
文章指出，虽然心理和身体的障碍直接影响了许多儿童，但这些儿童家庭中常常会出现一个更为微妙的间接问题。当父母逐渐适应并应对孩子不同类型的、不同程度的和不同阶段的残疾状况时，家庭的动力和结构往往会发生变化。作者使用"父母瘫痪"这一术语来专门讨论由于孩子主要的残疾状况导致的次要的父母问题。他们通过具体的案例研究，包括一名智障儿童和两名脑瘫儿童，来说明父母的行为如何经常因为孩子的残疾状况而明显改变。
论文揭示了错误的信息和扭曲的想法是父母瘫痪的前兆，并提出通过教育和有效的策略来缓解这种问题的影响。作者希望这篇文章能提醒儿童研究专家，在与这些家庭合作时需要采取全面的方法，关注孩子及其家庭的整体福祉，而不只是孩子的残疾状况本身。
这篇论文的核心观点是强调了对有特殊需求儿童家庭的关注不应仅仅局限于孩子本身的残疾，还应重视这些家庭所面临的心理和社会挑战，以及如何通过支持和干预策略来改善这些家庭的状况。这对于教育工作者、社会工作者以及所有与特殊儿童家庭打交道的专业人士来说具有重要的参考价值。"
Plyrhology
in
the
Schools
1981.
18,
201.207
PARENTALPLEGIA
JOSEPH
N.
MURRAY
Kent State University
CHARLES
J.
CORNELL
Aurora
City
Schools
While mental and physical handicaps directly affect many children, a more subtle
secondary condition often occurs within the families of handicapped children.
As
parents develop coping mechanisms for the various types, degrees, and stages of their
youngster’s handicapping condition, the dynamics
of
the family often are affected.
The authors
of
this article use the term parentalplegia to focus on the secondary
parental problems caused by children’s primary handicapping condition, and
use
specific case studies
of
a mental retardate and two cerebral palsied children to help
il-
lustrate how parents’ behavior is often clearly modified as a result of their child’s han-
dicapping condition. With misinformation and distortion of thought serving as
precursors
of
parentalplegia, the authors suggest ways to remediate the effects of this
problem through the use of educational and affective strategies. The article hopefully
will
remind child study persons of the need for a holistic approach to working with the
handicapped.
Children having conditions of mental retardation
or
other handicaps involving
physical deficiencies are likely to be the causes of a secondary handicapping condition in-
volving the parents. Parents whose children are affected by such disorders as mental
retardation, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy,
or
Down’s syndrome are confronted
with a set of variables surrounding their child and his handicap which often affects
parents’ mind sets, their behavior, and family interaction. The authors have chosen the
term parentalplegia to describe a secondary psychophysiological (stress induced) condi-
tion that evolves among parents of handicapped children. Parentalplegia seems to be
caused by an inability on the part of parents to adjust to the handicap of their children,
and may be recognized by extremes
in
resulting parental attitudes toward their son’s
or
daughter’s handicap. The true significance of the term parentalplegia is seen
in
parents
whose basic adaptability and efficiency in daily living is radically affected by their in-
ability
to
adjust effectively
to
the handicapping condition of their child.
PARENTAL ATTITUDES
Handicapped people and those closest to them often are affected by both societal
and individual attitudes of the nonhandicapped (Safford, 1975). Feelings and attitudes
toward the handicapped by nonhandicapped, often formed through fear and lack of un-
derstanding, can and
do
have a negative effect on the “mind sets” of the handicapped and
those in their immediate environment. (“Mind set,” as used in this article, refers to the
manner
in
which an individual perceives persons, places, and things.) This, in turn, often
modifies the “behavior” of these persons, causing them to act, react, and interact
in
ways
greatly different from persons not touched by the concept of “handicap.”
After parents find that they have given birth
to
a child with a mental and/or physical
handicap, they begin to experience many feelings both appropriate and inappropriate.
Guilt and grief head the list of emotions that these parents feel (Gardner, 1971;
Wakefield, 1978; Wann, 1978). They are sorry and they wonder what they did that
caused a tragedy to enter their lives. Other initial feelings include anxiety, fear, and
repulsion (Debuskey, 1970; Spock, 1965). All of these emotions are appropriate, but only
Requests for reprints should be sent to Joseph
N.
Murray, Dept. of Graduate Education, Counseling,
&
Personnel Services, Kent State University, Kent
OH
44242.
20
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