企业级Drupal 8开发：大型项目与团队实战

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"Enterprise Drupal 8 Development" 是一本专为高级项目和大型开发团队准备的指南，由 Todd Tomlinson 撰写，旨在帮助读者成功构建可扩展以满足任何规模和范围项目需求的 Drupal 8 网站。本书不仅适合有经验的 Drupal 开发者提升技能，也适合对 Drupal 不熟悉的高级 PHP 开发者，以及管理 Drupal 项目的系统管理员。在本书中，你将学习到： 1. **Drupal 为开发团队的架构设计**：了解如何针对大型项目设计 Drupal 站点，应用最佳实践，确保项目在团队协作中保持高效和稳定。 2. **第三方应用集成**：掌握与 Drupal 集成的各种常见方法，以便与其他第三方系统无缝协作，扩大网站功能。 3. **多环境下的内容、代码和配置管理**：在多个预生产环境中管理和同步内容、代码和配置，确保在不同阶段的开发中的一致性和兼容性。 4. **构建一致的用户体验**：为管理员和内容创建者提供统一的界面和操作流程，提高工作效率和满意度。本书面向的主要读者是中高级 Drupal 开发者，他们在大型 Drupal 项目中工作，并且希望深化对 Drupal 的理解和应用。对于新接触 Drupal 的高级 PHP 开发者和管理 Drupal 项目的 IT 专业人士（如系统管理员），本书同样具有很高的参考价值。书中深入探讨了定制模块开发，强调将模块作为构建块来开发，以实现复用和扩展。此外，作者还讨论了开发流程、Drupal 网站的架构、扩展 Drupal 的策略、有效的主题工作，以及如何应对涉及多个开发者时可能出现的挑战，如版本控制和部署问题。通过阅读 "Enterprise Drupal 8 Development"，你将获取管理大型和复杂 Drupal 项目所需的知识和灵感，从而提升你在企业级 web 开发领域的专业能力。无论你是开发者、系统管理员还是技术决策者，这本书都将提供宝贵的实战经验和策略指导。

Introduction

In its relatively short life, Drupal has made a tremendous impact on the landscape of the Internet. As a web

content management system (CMS), Drupal has enabled the creation of feature- and content-rich web sites

for organizations large and small. As a web application framework, Drupal is changing the way that people

think about web application development. When I experienced the power of the Drupal platform for the

first time, I knew that it was something more than just another content management solution. When I saw

how easily and quickly I could build feature-rich web sites, I shifted gears and focused my entire career

around Drupal. While working with hundreds of organizations, I was often asked, “Where can I go to find

information for someone who is new to Drupal?” Unfortunately there wasn’t a comprehensive resource that

I could point them to, and thus began my journey and passion of writing books and magazine articles about

Drupal.

I’m also often asked, “What is Drupal?” The short answer is, “Drupal is an open source web content

management system that allows you to quickly and easily create simple to complex sites that span

everything from a simple blog, a corporate site, a social networking site, or virtually anything you can dream

up.” What you can build with Drupal is limited only by your imagination and the time you have to spend with

the platform.

As an open source platform, Drupal’s community is constantly improving the platform and extending

the functionality of the core platform by creating new and exciting add-on modules. If there’s a new concept

created on the web, it’s likely that there will be a new Drupal module that enables that concept in a matter of

days. It’s the community behind the platform that makes Drupal what it is today, and what it will become in

the future. I’ll show you how to leverage the features contributed by the community, making it easy for you to

build incredible solutions with minimal effort.

The very act of picking up this book is the first step in your journey down the path of learning how to use

Drupal. If you will walk with me through the entire book, you’ll have the knowledge and experience to build

complex and powerful Drupal-based web sites. You’ll also have the foundation necessary to move beyond

the basics, expanding on the concepts I cover in this book.

Learning Drupal is like learning any new technology. There will be bumps and hurdles that cause you

to step back and scratch your head. I hope the book helps smooth the bumps and provides you with enough

information to easily jump over those hurdles. I look forward to seeing your works on the web and hope to

bump into you at an upcoming DrupalCon.

xix

Chapter 1 ■ IntroduCtIon to drupal

Drupal

Drupal is a free and open source CMS written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License.

Drupal stems from a project by a Dutch university student, Dries Buytaert. The goal of the project was to

provide a mechanism for Buytaert and his friends to share news and events. Buytaert turned Drupal into

an open source project in 2001, and the community readily embraced the concept and has expanded on its

humble beginnings, creating what is now one of the most powerful and feature-rich CMS platforms on the

Web. Individuals, teams, and communities leverage Drupal’s features to easily publish, manage, and organize

content on a variety of web sites, ranging from personal blogs to large corporate and government sites.

The standard release of Drupal, known as Drupal core, contains basic features that can be used to create

a classic brochure web site, a single- or multi-user blog, an Internet forum, or a community web site with

user-generated content. Features found in Drupal core include the ability to author and publish content;

to create and manage users, menus, and forums; and to manage your site through a web browser–based

administrative interface.

Drupal was designed to be enhanced with new features and custom behavior by downloading and enabling

add-on modules. There are thousands of additional modules (known as contributed or “contrib” modules) that

extend Drupal core’s functionality, covering a broad spectrum of capabilities, including e-commerce, social

networking, integration with third-party applications, multimedia, and other categories of capabilities.

Drupal can run on any computing platform that supports both a web server capable of running PHP

version 5.5.9+ (including Apache, IIS, lighttpd, and nginx) and a database (such as MySQL, SQLite, or

PostgreSQL) to store content and settings.

Drupal Core

When you download and install Drupal, you are installing what is commonly called Drupal core. Core

represents the “engine” that powers a Drupal-based web site, along with a number of out-of-the-box features

that enable the creation of a relatively full-featured web site. The primary components of Drupal core

include capabilities to create and manage the following:

• Content

• File uploads/downloads

• Menus

• User accounts

• Roles and permissions

• Taxonomy

• Views to extract and display content in various forms such as lists and tables

• WYSIWYG-based content editor

• RESTful web services

Drupal core also includes a feature-rich search engine, multilingual capabilities, and logging and error

reporting.

Contributed Modules

Although Drupal core can be used to build feature-rich web sites, there are likely situations where core

lacks the functionality needed to address specific requirements. In such cases, the first step is to search

through the thousands of custom modules, contributed by developers from all around the world to the

Chapter 1 ■ IntroduCtIon to drupal

Drupal project, for a solution that meets your needs. It’s very likely that someone else had the same

functional requirement and has developed a solution to extend Drupal core to provide the functionality

that you need.

To find a contributed module, visit the drupal.org web site at drupal.org/project/project_module.

You will find a general list of categories and the current number of contributed modules (for all versions

of Drupal) contained within each. Here is a short sampling of the types of categories and the number of

modules you can find in each (modules are added to the list on a daily basis, and the number of modules in

each category will have grown considerably since the time of this writing):

• Administration (1655)

• Commerce/Advertising (808)

• Community (733)

• Content (2679)

• Content Display (2169)

• Content Construction Kit (CCK) (710)

• Developer (1494)

• E-commerce (1245)

• Media (1083)

• Mobile (212)

• Third-party Integration (2616)

• Utility (2695)

To find modules that are supported on Drupal 8, select 8.x for the “Core Compatibility” search filter.

A few of the most popular contributed modules, and the ones that you will likely want to install, include

the following (also check out the “Most Installed” list to the right of the search filters):

• Drupal Commerce: A full-featured web storefront module that provides all of the

mechanisms required to sell products (physical as well as electronic downloads),

collect credit card payments, and manage shipments. If you want to sell something

on your web site, this is the module you will want to use.

• Display Suite: Allows you to take full control of how your content is displayed using a

drag-and-drop interface.

• Calendar: Provides the ability to create and render a list of events on a calendar.

• Backup and Migrate: Handles scheduled backups of content in your Drupal

database, with the ability to restore the database to a previous state based on one

of the backup files created by this module. This is a must-have module for any

production web site. You may also use this module to migrate content from one

Drupal site to another.

• Google Analytics: Provides a simple-to-use form for setting up Google Analytics

on your site. Google Analytics is a free service that tracks the number of visitors to

your web site, where those visitors came from, what search terms they used to find

your site, the pages they visited while on your site, how long they spent on your site,

and many other useful metrics that will help you view and understand the usage

of your web site. For more information on Google Analytics, visit www.google.com/

analytics.

Chapter 1 ■ IntroduCtIon to drupal

• Pathauto: Creates search engine–friendly URLs by automatically generating a

“pretty” URL that is based on the page’s title (such as www.example.com/examples

instead of the default Drupal URL of www.example.com/node/1234).

• Scheduler: Provides the ability to specify the date that a node will become published

on the site, and the date when a node will no longer be published. This allows a

content author to create a node now and have it not appear on the site until some

date in the future.

Drupal Themes

A theme is the Drupal component that defines how the pages on your web site are structured and the visual

aspects of those pages. A Drupal theme defines attributes of your web site such as:

• How many columns of information will be presented on a page (a three-column

layout with a left, center, and right column; a two-column layout with a narrow left

column and a wide right column for content; a one-column layout, and the like)

• Whether a page has a banner at the top

• Whether a page has a footer

• Where navigational menus appear (at the top of the page, under the banner, in the

right column, and so on)

• The colors used on the page

• The font and font size used for various elements on a page (such as headings, titles,

and body text)

• Graphical elements, such as logos

Drupal core includes a number of off-the-shelf themes that you can use for your new web site. You

may also download one or more of the hundreds of free themes that are available at drupal.org/project/

project_theme, or you can create your own theme by following the directions found at drupal.org/

documentation/theme.

Creating Content

A web site without content would be like a book without words, a newspaper without news, and a magazine

without articles: hardly worth the effort of looking at. Drupal 8 makes it easy to create, publish, and manage

content on your new web site. Let’s look at how simple it is by creating your first piece of content. If you

haven’t installed Drupal 8 yet, visit www.drupal.org/docs/8/install and follow the step-by-step process for

installing and configuring Drupal 8 core.

There are multiple paths for getting to the content-authoring screens in Drupal. I’ll focus on the

simplest, but there are several paths for creating content in Drupal 8.

On the front page of your new web site, you will see an Add Content link beneath the “No front page

content has been created yet” message on your homepage. In the left column, you will also see an Add

Content link in the Tools menu (see Figure1-1). Click either of the links: they both take you to the content

editing form, where you will create your first piece of content.

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