Common Lisp深度解析

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"这是一本关于Common Lisp的专业书籍，涵盖了该语言的各种变种和广泛应用。" Common Lisp是一种功能强大的高级编程语言，具有丰富的内置数据类型、动态类型系统、宏系统和自动内存管理等特点。这本书深入探讨了Common Lisp的各个方面，为读者提供了全面的指导。在"Introduction"部分，作者阐述了书的目的，旨在帮助读者理解Common Lisp的设计哲学和使用场景。书中的"Notational Conventions"部分介绍了用于解释和示例的符号约定，以确保读者能够清晰地理解代码和概念。 "Numbers"章节详细讲解了Common Lisp中的各种数字类型，包括整数（Integers）、有理数（Ratios）、浮点数（Floating-point Numbers）、复数（Complex Numbers）。此外，书中还讨论了标准字符（Standard Characters）和非标准字符（Non-standard Characters），以及字符属性（Character Attributes）。 "Symbols"章节涵盖了Lisp中符号的基本概念，它们是不可变的且唯一标识的，是Lisp程序中重要的数据结构。"Lists and Conses"章节介绍了列表的构造，包括如何创建和操作它们，而"Arrays"章节则扩展到了数组，包括向量（Vectors）、字符串（Strings）和位向量（Bit Vectors）。 "Hash Tables"章节讨论了键值存储结构，它们在Lisp中用于快速查找和映射数据。"Readtables"部分涉及读取表，这是Lisp解析输入的规则集合。"Packages"章节介绍了命名空间管理，允许在不同模块或库之间隔离和共享符号。"Pathnames"章节涵盖了文件路径的表示和处理。 "Streams"章节讲述了输入/输出流的概念，这是程序与外部世界交互的基础。"Random States"涉及到随机数生成，这对于模拟和统计计算至关重要。最后，"Structures"章节介绍了结构体，这是一种自定义数据类型，可以封装复杂的数据结构。通过这些内容，读者将能够深入理解Common Lisp的核心概念，掌握其语法和特性，从而能够编写高效、灵活的代码，并能应对各种复杂的编程任务。这本书不仅是初学者的入门指南，也是经验丰富的Lisp程序员的宝贵参考。

xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (SECOND EDITION)

G. Bobrow, Linda G. DeMichiel, Richard P. Gabriel, Sonya E. Keene, Gregor

Kiczales, and David A. Mo on) wish to thank Patrick Dussud, Kenneth Kahn,

Jim Kempf, Larry Masinter, Mark Stek, Daniel L. Weinreb, and Jon L White

for their contributions.

The author of the chapter on Conditions (Kent M. Pitman) notes that there

is a pap er 38]containing background information about the design of the con-

dition system, which is based on the condition system of the Symbolics Lisp

Machines 49]. The members of the X3J13 Error Handling Subcommittee were

Andy Daniels and Kent Pitman. Richard Mlynarik and David A. Mo on made

ma jor design contributions. Useful comments, questions, suggestions, and

criticisms were provided byPaul Anagnostopoulos, Alan Bawden, William

Chiles, Pavel Curtis, Mary Fontana, Dick Gabriel, Dick King, Susan Lander,

David D. Loeer, Ken Olum, David C. Plummer, Alan Snyder, Eric Weaver,

and Daniel L. Weinreb. The Condition System was designed specically to ac-

commodate the needs of Common Lisp. The design is, however, most directly

based on the \New Error System" (NES) developed at Symbolics byDavid L.

Andre, Bernard S. Greenberg, Mike McMahon, David A. Moon, and Daniel L.

Weinreb. The NES was in turn based on experiences with the original Lisp

Machine error system (developed at MIT), whichwas found to b e inadequate

for the needs of the mo dern Lisp Machine environments. Many asp ects of

the NES were inspired by the (PL/I) condition system used by the Honeywell

Multics op erating system. Henry Lieb erman provided conceptual guidance

and encouragement in the design of the NES. A reimplementation of the NES

for non-Symbolics Lisp Machine dialects (MIT, LMI, and TI) was done at

MIT by Richard M. Stallman. During the pro cess of that reimplementation,

some conceptual changes were made whichhave signicantly inuenced the

Common Lisp Condition System.

As for the smaller but no less imp ortant prop osals, Larry Masinter deserves

recognition as an author of over half of them. He has worked indefatigably to

write up prop osals and to p olish drafts by other authors. Kent Pitman, David

Moon, and Sandra Lo osemore have also b een notably prolic, as well as Jon L

White, Dan Pierson, Walter van Roggen, Skona Brittain, Scott Fahlman, and

myself. Other authors of prop osals include David Andre, John Aspinall, Kim

Barrett, Eric Benson, Daniel Bobrow, Bob Cassels, Kathy Chapman, WIlliam

Clinger, Pavel Curtis, Doug Cutting, Je Dalton, Linda DiMichiel, Richard

Gabriel, Steven Haich, Sonya Keene, James Kempf, Gregor Kiczales, Dieter

Kolb, Barry Margolin, Chris McConnell, Je Peck, Jan Pedersen, Crispin

Perdue, Jonathan Rees, Don Sakahara, David Touretzky,Richard Waters,

and Gail Zacharias.

I am grateful to Donald E. Knuth and his colleagues for producing the

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (SECOND EDITION) xxi

X text formatting system 28], whichwas used to produce and typeset the

manuscript. Knuth did an esp ecially goo d job of publishing the program

for T

X 29] I had to consult the co de about eight times while debugging

particularly complicated macros. Thanks to the extensive indexing and cross-

references, in eachcase ittookmelessthanveminutes to nd the relevant

fragment of that 500-page program.

I also owe a debt to Leslie Lamport, author of the L

X macro package 30]

for T

X, within which I implemented the documentstyle for this bo ok.

Blue Sky Research sells and supp orts Textures, an implementation of T

for Apple Macintosh computers Gayla Gro om and Barry Smith of Blue Sky

Researchprovided excellenttechnical supp ort when I needed it. Other soft-

ware tools that were invaluable in preparing this b ook were QuicKeys (sold

by CE Software, Inc.), which provides keyboard macros G!ofer (sold byMi-

crolytics, Inc.), which p erforms rapid text searches in multiple les Symantec

Utilities for Macintosh (sold by Symantec Corporation), whichsaved me from

more than one disk crash and the PostScript language and compatible fonts

(sold by Adobe Systems Incorporated).

Some of this software (suchasL

X) I obtained for free and some I bought,

but all haveproved to be useful to ols of excellent quality. I am grateful to

these developers for creating them.

Electronic mail has b een indispensible to the writing of this bo ok, as well

to as the work of X3J13. (It is a humbling experience to publish a b ook and

then for the next veyears to receive at least one electronic mail message a

week, if not twenty, p ointing out some mistake or defect.) Kudos to those

develop and maintain the Internet, which arose from the Arpanet and other

networks.

Chase Duy, George Horesta, and Will Buddenhagen of Digital Press have

given me much encouragement and support. David Ford designed the b ook

and provided sp ecications that I could co de into T

X. Alice Cheyer and Kate

Schmit edited the copy for style and puzzled over the more obscure jokes with

great patience. Marilyn Rowland created the index Tim Evans and I did

some polishing. Laura Fillmore and her colleagues at Editorial, Inc., have

tirelessly and meticulously checked one draft after another and has kept the

paperwork owing smoothly during the last hectic weeks of proofreading, page

makeup, and typesetting.

Thinking Machines Corp oration has supp orted all mywork with X3J13. I

thank all my colleagues there for their encouragement and help.

Others who provided indispensible encouragement and support include Guy

and Nalora Steele David Steele Cordon and Ruth Kerns David, Patricia,

Tavis, Jacob, Nicholas, and Daniel Auwerda Donald and Denise Kerns and

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