精通Objective-C设计模式：iOS开发进阶指南
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本书"Apress Pro Objective-C Design Patterns for iOS"是关于在iOS开发中应用面向对象设计模式的专业指南。作者Carlo Chung通过深入浅出的方式，帮助iOS开发者提升编程技能，将设计模式的概念应用于实际项目中。
在第一部分"Getting Your Feet Wet"中，作者首先介绍了设计模式的基本概念，并在第1章"Hello, Design Patterns!"中引导读者认识设计模式的重要性。第2章"ACase Study: Designing an App"则通过一个实际案例，展示如何在开发iOS应用时运用设计模式。
第二部分"Object Creation"涵盖了创建对象相关的设计模式，包括第3章的"Prototype"，介绍了原型模式如何用于快速创建相似对象；第4章"Factory Method"讲解了工厂方法模式，用于抽象对象的创建过程；第5章"Abstract Factory"讨论了抽象工厂模式，提供了一种创建相关或依赖对象家族的方法；第6章"Builder"介绍了构建者模式，它将复杂对象的构建与表示分离；第7章"Singleton"讲述了单例模式，确保类只有一个实例并提供全局访问点。
第三部分"Interface Adaptation"关注接口适配，第8章"Adapter"讲解了适配器模式，允许不同接口的对象协同工作；第9章"Bridge"介绍了桥接模式，解耦抽象和实现，使得两者可以独立变化；第10章"Façade"讲述了外观模式，为复杂的子系统提供了一个简单的接口。
第四部分"Decoupling of Objects"探讨了对象解耦，第11章"Mediator"介绍了中介者模式，减少对象之间的直接交互；第12章"Observer"讲解了观察者模式，实现对象间的一对多依赖关系，当一个对象的状态改变时，所有依赖它的对象都会得到通知并自动更新。
第五部分"Abstract Collection"涉及抽象集合，第13章"Composite"介绍了组合模式，允许将对象组织成树形结构，以表现部分-整体层次结构；第14章"Iterator"讲解了迭代器模式，提供了遍历集合元素的方法，而无需暴露其底层表示。
最后的第六部分"Behavioral Extension"讨论了行为扩展，第15章"Visitor"介绍了访问者模式，允许在不修改对象结构的情况下添加新的操作；第16章"Decorator"讲解了装饰器模式，动态地给对象添加新的职责或行为。
此书通过丰富的示例代码和详细解释，帮助iOS开发者理解和掌握这些设计模式，以提高代码质量、可维护性和复用性，进而提升iOS应用的开发效率和用户体验。
CHAPTER 1: Hello, Design Patterns!
13
Ideally, there is no need to create new components to achieve reuse. It
is quite rare that you should be able to get all the functionality you
need just by assembling existing components through object
composition. In practice, the set of available components is never
quite rich enough.
Despites the cons, object composition can provide many benefits on system design.
Those cons can be counter-balanced by using class inheritance in certain areas as it
helps make it easier to make new components from old ones.
So when you favor object composition over class inheritance, it doesn’t mean that you
shouldn’t use class inheritance at all. You need to make a clear judgment on how to
reuse classes and objects in certain situations. Class inheritance and object composition
can work together if you design them properly for your systems. A natural way to think
before you design a class is more towards object composition. You can then refine the
design by looking for redundant behavior; if found, it may be a sign that’s begging for
class inheritance there. You will see object composition in the design patterns discussed
in this book.
Objects and Classes Used in this Book
I use different diagrams and graphics in the book to illustrate some important ideas of
the patterns. Sometimes I’ll use screenshots or other visual representation to showcase,
for example, the structure of a composite tree object. But I needed something more
formal and clear to denote relationships and interactions between classes and objects
alike. Most commonly used notations throughout the patterns in the book are class and
object diagrams. I borrowed the OMT (Object Modeling Technique) notation and
modified it to fit my needs. This section is going to describe the notations used for class
and object diagrams.
Class Diagram
A class diagram illustrates classes, the static relationships between them, and their
structure. In Objective-C, you can define a protocol, (abstract) class, and a category in
your applications.
Protocol, Abstract Class, Concrete Class, and Category
In general, a round rectangular box denotes a class entity with its name in bold type at
the top and operation names in the lower part of the box. If you are reading an electronic
version of this book, you’ll see that the background color of the protocol’s title bar is
pink and the other class entities’ title bars have a light blue background. Names for
abstract anything are in italics. So a protocol and an abstract class appear in bold and
italics. A protocol name is enclosed in a pair of angle brackets. Instance variables are
put in the very bottom part of the box. Samples of different class entities are illustrated
in Figure 1–2.
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