ISO/IEC 11172-1：编码与存储的动态图像与音频系统（1.5Mbps）

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ISO/IEC 11172-1是关于数字存储媒体中移动图像与关联音频编码的国际标准，特别关注比特率在约1.5Mbit/s以下的情况。该标准分为两部分，本部分主要关注系统层面的设计和规范。它定义了编码系统的结构、操作流程以及技术细节。标题中的"Multiplex-wide Operations (Packlayer)"涉及到多路复用操作，这是一种在多个数据流之间共享带宽的机制，通过将不同的视频和音频流打包在一起，以便高效地存储和传输。"Individual Stream Operations (PacketLayer)"则关注单独的数据流处理，包括解复用（demultiplexing）以分离原始的视频和音频数据，确保同步（synchronization）以防止数据丢失，以及与压缩层的关系，因为编码过程可能影响到实际的比特流格式。 "System Reference Decoder"是标准中的关键组件，用于理解和实现参考解码器，它不仅执行编码指令，还作为其他解码器的参考模型。这部分对于确保所有兼容设备能够正确解析和还原比特流至关重要。 "General Normative Elements"部分规定了该标准的适用范围，引用了相关的技术文档和标准，确保一致性。"Technical Normative Elements"则是技术规格的核心，详细阐述了术语定义、符号和缩写、算术、逻辑、关系、位操作等操作符的使用方法，以及对编码结构、参数、解码器要求、比特流语法描述、字段语义、多路复用流限制等的明确规定。 "Method of Describing Bit Stream Syntax"强调了如何准确描述比特流的结构，这对于编解码器的设计至关重要。此外，标准还针对"Requirements"设置了明确的标准，如编码结构和参数的要求、系统目标解码器的功能描述、系统流语法的规范，以及字段的语义定义，这些都旨在确保全球范围内编码和解码的互操作性。 ISO/IEC 11172-1是一个关于移动图像和音频编码的详细规范，提供了编码、解码技术和体系结构的全面指南，对于音频视频编码的标准化和一致性有着重要的影响。它适用于数字化存储和传输场景，特别是那些对低比特率多媒体内容有需求的领域。

Hann window: A time function applied sample-by-sample to a block of audio samples before Fourier

transformation.

Huffman coding: A specific method for entropy coding.

Hybrid filterbank [audio]: A serial combination of subband filterbank and MDCT.

IMDCT: Inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform.

Intensity stereo: A method of exploiting stereo irrelevance or redundancy in stereophonic audio

programmes based on retaining at high frequencies only the energy envelope of the right and left channels.

interlace: The property of conventional television pictures where alternating lines of the picture represent

different instances in time.

intra coding: Compression coding of a block or picture that uses information only from that block or

picture.

intra-coded picture; I-picture: A picture coded using information only from itself.

ISO 11172 (multiplexed) stream: A bitstream composed of zero or more elementary streams combined in

the manner defined in Part 1 of this International Standard.

Joint stereo coding: Any method that exploits stereophonic irrelevance or stereophonic redundancy.

Joint stereo mode: A mode of the audio coding algorithm using joint stereo coding.

layer [audio]: One of the levels in the coding hierarchy of the audio system defined in this International

Standard.

layer [video and systems]: One of the levels in the data hierarchy of the video and system specifications

defined in Parts 1 and 2 of this International Standard.

luminance (component): A matrix, block or sample of pels representing a monochrome representation of

the signal and related to the primary colours in the manner defined in CCIR Rec 601. The symbol used for

luminance is Y.

macroblock: The four 8 by 8 blocks of luminance data and the two corresponding 8 by 8 blocks of

chrominance data coming from a 16 by 16 section of the luminance component of the picture. Macroblock

is sometimes used to refer to the pel data and sometimes to the coded representation of the pel and other

data elements defined in the macroblock layer of the syntax defined in Part 2 of this International Standard.

The usage is clear from the context.

Mapping [audio]: Conversion of an audio signal from time to frequency domain by subband filtering

and/or by MDCT.

Masking threshold [audio]: A function in frequency and time below which an audio signal cannot be

perceived by the human auditory system.

Masking: property of the human auditory system by which an audio signal cannot be perceived in the

presence of another audio signal .

MDCT: Modified Discrete Cosine Transform.

motion compensation: The use of motion vectors to improve the efficiency of the prediction of pel values.

The prediction uses motion vectors to provide offsets into the past and/or future reference frames containing

previously decoded pels that are used to form the prediction.

motion vector estimation: The process of estimating motion vectors during the encoding process.

motion vector: A two-dimensional vector used for motion compensation that provides an offset from the

coordinate position in the current picture to the coordinates in a reference picture.

MS stereo: A method of exploiting stereo irrelevance or redundancy in stereophonic audio programmes

based on coding the sum and difference signal instead of the left and right channels.

non-intra coding: Coding of a block or picture that uses information both from itself and from blocks and

pictures occurring at other times.

Non-tonal component: A noise-like component of an audio signal.

Nyquist sampling: Sampling at or above twice the maximum bandwidth of a signal.

pack: A pack consists of a pack header followed by one or more packets. It is a layer in the system coding

syntax described in Part 1 of this standard.

packet data: Contiguous bytes of data from an elementary stream present in a packet.

packet header: The data structure used to convey information about the elementary stream data contained

in the packet data.

packet: A packet consists of a header followed by a number of contiguous bytes from an elementary data

stream. It is a layer in the system coding syntax described in Part 1 of this International Standard.

Padding: A method to adjust the average length of an audio frame in time to the duration of the

corresponding PCM samples, by conditionally adding a slot to the audio frame.

past reference picture: The past reference picture is the reference picture that occurs at an earlier time than

the current picture in display order.

pel aspect ratio: The ratio of the nominal vertical height of pel on the display to its nominal horizontal

width.

pel: An 8-bit sample of luminance or chrominance data.

picture period: The reciprocal of the picture rate.

picture rate: The nominal rate at which pictures should be output from the decoding process.

picture: Source or reconstructed image data. A picture consists of three rectangular matrices of 8-bit

numbers representing the luminance and two chrominance signals. The Picture layer is one of the layers in

the coding syntax defined in Part 2 of this International Standard. NOTE: the term "picture" is always used

in this standard in preference to the terms field or frame.

Polyphase filterbank: A set of equal bandwidth filters with special phase interrelationships, allowing for an

efficient implementation of the filterbank.

prediction: The use of predictor to provide an estimate of the pel or data element currently being decoded.

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ISO/IEC 11172-1：编码与存储的动态图像与音频系统（1.5Mbps）

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