LHC前端电子的DC电压分配系统：EMI滤波设计与稳定性评估

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本文主要探讨了大型强子对撞机（Large Hadron Collider, LHC）前端电子设备的直流电源分配系统设计及其稳定性评估，特别是在基于开关转换器的直流-直流(DC-DC)供电方案的应用中。随着CMS子探测器提出采用这种接近前端电子设备的分布式DC电源系统，设计者面临着新的挑战。 DC-DC转换器作为恒定功率负载，它们在低频下表现出动态负阻抗特性，这可能导致输入终端与其他系统组件之间的交互，从而引发不稳定行为。这些转换器在输入和输出端产生的电磁干扰(EMI)不仅可能影响前端电子设备的正常运行，还可能对周边系统造成干扰。文章的核心内容包括： 1. **问题背景**：介绍在LHC前端电子设备的电源设计中，使用DC-DC转换器所带来的问题，如频率响应特性导致的系统不稳定性和电磁兼容性(EMC)问题。 2. **稳定性评估**：文章关注的是如何通过有效的分析和建模方法来识别和预测DC-DC转换器可能引起的系统不稳定因素。这可能涉及对动态负阻抗特性的研究，以及如何将其纳入整体电路模型中进行仿真。 3. **滤波设计**：针对EMI问题，作者提出了滤波器设计的重要性，旨在减少开关转换器在输入和输出端产生的噪声对周边系统的影响。滤波器的选择、类型（如LC滤波器、π型滤波器等）、位置和参数优化都是关键考虑因素。 4. **仿真与模拟技术**：文中详细介绍了模拟工具和技术在解决这些问题中的应用，包括利用多物理场仿真软件来验证设计效果，确保系统的稳定性和EMI抑制性能满足预期标准。 5. **案例研究与实践**：可能包含具体的实例或者实验数据，展示如何将理论分析与实际应用相结合，解决DC-DC供电系统设计中的稳定性问题。本文提供了在复杂电磁环境中设计和评估DC电压分布系统的关键策略，以确保LHC前端电子设备的稳定运行和电磁兼容性，对于从事高能物理实验设备设计或电源管理的工程师具有重要的参考价值。

EMI Filter Design and Stability Assessment of DC Voltage Distribution based on

Switching Converters.

F. Arteche

, B. Allongue

, F. Szoncso

, C. Rivetta

CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

Fernando.Arteche@cern.ch

FERMILAB, P.O.Box 500 MS222, Batavia Il 60510 USA

rivetta@fnal.gov

Abstract

The design of DC power distribution for LHC front-end

electronics imposes new challenges. Some CMS sub-detectors

have proposed to use a DC-power distribution based on DC-

DC power switching converters located near to the front-end

electronics.

DC-DC converters operate as a constant power load. They

exhibit at the input terminals dynamic negative impedance at

low frequencies that can generate interactions between

switching regulators and other parts of the input system

resulting in instabilities. In addition, switching converters

generate interference at both input and output terminals that

can compromise the operation of the front-end electronics and

neighbour systems. Appropriated level of filtering is

necessary to reduce this interference.

This paper addresses the instability problem and presents

methods of modelling and simulation to assess the system

stability and performance. The paper, also, addresses the

design of input and output filters to reduce the interference

and achieve the performance required.

I. INTRODUCTION

DC power distribution has been used by aerospace and

telecommunication industries [1][2]. This topology distributes

a high voltage (HV) and converts it to low voltage (LV) either

locally or near the electronics equipment. In high-energy

physics (HEP), some CMS and Atlas sub-detectors [3][4]

have proposed similar topologies to power-up the front-end

electronics. In such proposals, the AC mains is rectified in the

control room and DC high voltage (200-300V) is distributed a

distance about 120-150 mts. to the periphery of the detector.

At that location, DC-DC converters transform with high

efficiency the HV into the LV required by the front-end (FE)

electronics. Those converters are located about 10-20 mts.

from the front-end electronics due to the intense magnetic

field that exists inside the detector.

For LHC experiments, converters have to operate reliably

under high-energy neutron radiation and fringe magnetic

field. Converters have to present high efficiency, galvanic

isolation between input and output, and couple low amount of

noise to the surrounding electronic equipment. Intrinsically

switching power converters generate a noise level that, in

general, is not compatible with the sensitive electronics used

in HEP experiments. Input and output filters are necessary to

attenuate the level of noise coupled by conduction and

radiation through the cables. Also, interactions among

converters with input filters and distribution lines can

deteriorate the performance or induce instabilities in the

system because the converter operate as a constant power

load.

Figure 1: DC distribution system

In this paper, analysis and design approaches for the

system are presented. Section II presents an overall view of

the problem, section III resumes the standards related with

conducted interference emissions, section IV describes the

design of the system considering stability issues, while section

V addresses the design of the input filter to reduce conductive

interference.

II. PRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM.

All switching converters generate and emit high frequency

noise. The emission can be coupled to the sensitive FE

electronics and neighbour subsystem electronics by

conduction and/or radiation. This noise can interfere with the

sensitive FE electronics and cause malfunction. The

frequency range of the electromagnetic interference (EMI)

spectrum generated by power electronics equipment can

extend up to 1GHz.

For conducted EMI there are two principal modes of

propagation, differential (DM) and common mode (CM). The

propagation of the differential mode EMI takes place between

conductor pairs, which form a conventional return circuit (e.g.

negative/positive conductors, line phase/neutral conductors).

The DM EMI is the direct result of the fundamental operation

of the switching converter. The propagation of the common

mode EMI takes place between a group of conductors and

Front-end

DC-DC converter unit

AC/DC

+ filter

3 phase mains

400V/50Hz.

~150mts

~20mts

Front-end

Distribution

line

BUS

Front-end

DC-DC converter unit

AC/DC

+ filter

3 phase mains

400V/50Hz.

~150mts

~20mts

Front-end

Distribution

line

BUS

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LHC前端电子的DC电压分配系统：EMI滤波设计与稳定性评估

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