Room temperature optical mass sensor with an
artificial molecular structure based on surface
plasmon optomechanics
JIAN LIU
1,2,3
AND KA-DI ZHU
1,2,3,
*
1
Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shanghai 200240, China
2
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3
Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210000, China
*Corresponding author: zhukadi@sjtu.edu.cn
Received 17 April 2018; revised 28 May 2018; accepted 5 June 2018; posted 7 June 2018 (Doc. ID 328537); published 9 August 2018
We propose an optical weighing technique with a sensitivity down to a single atom through the coupling between
a surface plasmon and a suspended graphene nanoribbon resonator. The mass is determined via the vibrational
frequency shift on the probe absorption spectrum while the atom attaches to the nanoribbon surface. We provide
methods to separate out the signals of the ultralow frequency vibration al modes from the strong Rayleigh back-
ground, first based on the quantum coupling with a pump-probe scheme. Owing to the spectral enhancement in
the surface plasmon and the ultralight mass of the nanoribbon, this scheme results in a narrow linewidth (∼GHz)
and ultrahigh mass sensitivity (∼30 yg). Benefitting from the low noises, our optical mass sensor can be achieved
at room temperature and reach ultrahigh time resolution.
© 2018 Chinese Laser Press
OCIS codes: (120.4880) Optomechanics; (240.6680) Surface plasmons; (350.4238) Nanophotonics and photonic crystals;
(300.6210) Spectroscopy, atomic.
https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.6.000867
1. INTRODUCTION
Since its development over 30 years ago, surface-enhanced
Raman scattering (SERS) has attracted much attention due to
its high sensitivity in detecting the structure of materials
[1–5]. Compared to normal Raman scattering, SERS can en-
hance normally weak Raman signals by several orders of magni-
tude and has evolved into a powerful and reliable analytical tool
for the ultrasensitive detection of analytes, even at the single-
molecule level [6–9]. Numerous experimental and theoretical
works have focused on the enhancement mechanism. Recently,
Roelli et al. introduced the cavity optomechanics model that ac-
counts for the dynamical nature of the plasmon-mo lecule inter-
action. This will lead to a nonlinear enhancement of Raman
emission that is not predicted by conventional theory [10]. It
allows the design of novel molecular quantum optomechanical
systems and unconventional optical nanodevices.
On the other hand, nanoelectromechanical systems have been
proposed for highly sensitive mass detection of neutral species.
Significant progress has been made in using nanofabricated res-
onators [11,12] and carbon nanotubes [13–15]. Graphene has
properties that are extremely sensitive to the environment. Thus,
it is natural to consider using graphene for sensor applications for
probing quantum limit motion [16], mass [13–15], and force
[17]. So far, the best mass resolution achieved experimentally
with microfabricated resonators has been 200 yg at room
temperature [14], whereas carbon nanotube resonators have
achieved mass resolution as low as 2 yg in base pressure of
3 × 10
−11
mbar at a temperature of about 50 K [15].
Here we demonstrate an all-optical method to determine the
inertial mass of atomic species (∼30 yg) via a doubly clamped
armchair-edge suspended graphene nanoribbon resonator
(SGR) coupled to the plasmon. This device can be achieved
at room temperature, and the probe signal can be enhanced
remarkably via the plasmonic coupling. Theoretical analysis
predicts that a sensitivity comparable to the mass of one Ne
atom should be feasible, which would open up the possibility
of distinguishing between different chemical elements in future
inertial mass spectrometry.
In the previous mass sensing procedures using two-level sys-
tems, the exciton is considered as a two-level system in the car-
bon nanotube, and it couples to the phonons in the nanotube.
One can obtain the signal absorption peak of the exciton under
the pump field in the coupling system of the exciton and pho-
nons [18]. The enhancement is based on the optical dynamics
of excitons in a system of strongly coupled excitons and plas-
mons [19]. The mass detection using plasmonic cavity in this
paper is totally different. Here we map the SERS scenarios onto
the canonical model of cavity optomechanics, in which a
Research Article
Vol. 6, No. 9 / September 2018 / Photonics Research 867
2327-9125/18/090867-08 Journal © 2018 Chinese Laser Press