微控制器探索：C语言实战指南

需积分: 10 195 浏览量更新于2024-08-02 收藏 4.3MB PDF 举报

"Exploring C for Microcontrollers - A Hands-on Approach" 本书《探索微控制器中的C语言》由印度果阿大学的Vinod G. Shelake、Kolhapur的Rajanish K. Kamat、Shivaji大学的Jivansh P. Parab和Gourish M. Naik合著，旨在深入浅出地介绍如何使用C语言在微控制器上进行编程。书本的内容涵盖了微控制器的基础知识、历史以及未来发展趋势，特别强调了实践操作的重要性。在第一章“微控制器：昨天、今天和明天”中，作者首先定义了微控制器的概念，解释了它与普通计算机的区别，强调其在嵌入式系统中的核心地位。他们探讨了微控制器的历史演变，从早期的简单设备到现代的高性能处理器，展示了技术进步如何推动微控制器的发展。此外，还讨论了微控制器在不同领域的应用，如工业控制、消费电子和物联网(IoT)等，并预测了未来微控制器可能的趋势，如更小的尺寸、更高的能效和更强的计算能力。书中涵盖的内容还包括C语言的基本元素，如变量、数据类型、运算符、控制结构（如if语句和循环）、函数的使用以及内存管理。这些基础知识对于理解和编写微控制器程序至关重要。作者通过实际案例和练习来引导读者逐步掌握这些概念，鼓励读者通过动手实践来深化理解。微控制器的硬件接口和外设驱动程序也是本书的重点。作者介绍了如何使用C语言编程与I/O端口、定时器、中断系统以及串行通信接口（如UART）交互。此外，书中还涉及了实时操作系统(RTOS)的概念，这对于开发复杂的多任务嵌入式系统尤其重要。在调试和测试方面，作者讲解了如何使用各种工具，如仿真器、逻辑分析仪和示波器，来诊断和修复代码中的问题。他们还提到了软件工程的最佳实践，如版本控制、代码审查和文档编写，以确保项目的可维护性和可扩展性。最后，书中还包含了一些特定微控制器系列的实例，例如8位和32位微控制器，如AVR和ARM架构，帮助读者了解不同平台上的编程差异。《探索微控制器中的C语言》是一本全面而实用的教程，适合初学者和有经验的工程师作为学习和参考。它不仅教授C语言的基本知识，而且提供了丰富的实践指导，帮助读者将理论知识应用于实际的微控制器项目中。

Microcontrollers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow 3

throughput. With the proliferation of density, FPGA-based embedded

systems oﬀer higher performance with the only challenging issue of

memory required to store their conﬁgurations.

The technical community also tends to associate various character-

istics of embedded systems with microprocessors and microcontrollers.

The microprocessors are typically found to dominate the desktop arena

focusing on more and more bit processing capability, with other fea-

tures such as fairly good amount of cache with memory management

and protection schemes supported by the operating system. Although

microcontrollers share ﬂexibility aspect of microprocessors through pro-

gramming, 8-bit versions are more in use (although 16- and 32-bit exist)

with RAM and ROM (instead of cache) added with many on chip

peripherals like timer/counter, decoder, communication interface, etc.

In the literature many embedded systems products have been reported as

microprocessors. On the other side of the processor spectrum, a DSP pos-

sesses special architecture that provides ultra-fast instruction sequences,

such as shift and add, multiply and add, which are commonly used in

math-intensive signal processing applications. The common attributes

associated with the DSPs are multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations,

deep pipelining, DMA processing, saturation arithmetic, separate pro-

gram and data memories, and ﬂoating point capabilities required most

of the time. However, the line of diﬀerentiation between all these devices

is getting blurred at a rapid pace. With the introduction of fuzzy logic,

artiﬁcial intelligence and networked communication capabilities in the

consumer products like refrigerators, mobile phones, and cars, conver-

gence of the architectures of most of the above-mentioned programmable

devices is witnessed by the industry. Today’s ideal microcontroller is

expected to oﬀer plenty of MIPS, run the DSP programs with the same

speed of the DSP processor, integrate all its peripherals and support

ﬂash, communicate with the world with I2C or CAN protocols, with-

stand extremes of environment in a car engine, and cost but a few

cents.

1.3 Vignettes: Microcontrollers

It is interesting to note that the development of microprocessors seems

to be an accident out of the microcontroller synthesis. In 1969, Busicom,

a Japanese company, approached Intel to convert their special pur-

pose ROM and shift register–based calculator cores into a specialized

application speciﬁc processor. The objective was the development of

microcontrollers rather than a general purpose of CPU chips for key-

board scanning, display control, printer control, and other functions for

4 Vignettes: Microcontrollers

a Busicom-manufactured calculator. However, the Intel engineers opted

for a more ﬂexible programmable microcomputer approach rather than

the random logic chip-set originally envisioned by Busicom. The four

designs [7] proposed by Federico Faggin, Ted Hoﬀ, and Stan Mazor from

Intel were a 2048-bit ROM with a 4-bit programmable input/output

port (4001); a 4-registers × 20-locations × 4-bit RAM data memory

with a 4-bit output port (4002); an input/output (I/O) expansion chip,

consisting of a static shift register with serial input and serial/parallel

output (4003); and the 4-bit CPU chip (4004). The 4001, 4002, and

4003 are very close to microcontroller kind of architecture rather than

microprocessor. However, the Intel 4004, which was supposed to be the

brains of a calculator, turned out to be a general-purpose microproces-

sor as powerful as ENIAC. The scientiﬁc papers and literature published

around 1971 reveal that the MP944 digital processor used for the F-14

Tomcat aircraft of the US Navy qualiﬁes as the “ﬁrst microprocessor”.

Although interesting, it was not a single-chip processor, and was not

general purpose – it was more like a set of parallel building blocks you

could use to make a special purpose DSP form [8]. It indicates that

today’s industry theme of converging DSP-microcontroller architectures

was started in 1971.

The other companies were also catching up at the same time. The

ﬁrst oﬃcial claim of ﬁling the patent goes to Texas Instruments under

the trade name TMS1000 way back in 1974. This was the ﬁrst micro-

controller which included a 4-bit accumulator, 4-bit Y register and 2- or

3-bit X register, which combined to create a 6- or 7-bit index register

for the 64 or 128 nibbles of on-chip RAM. A 1-bit status register was used

for various purposes in diﬀerent contexts. This microcontroller served as

the brain of the Texas Instrument’s educational toy named “Spark and

Spell” shown in the movie ET: The Extraterrestrial. In 1976, Intel intro-

duced the ﬁrst 8-bit microcontroller family MCS-48 which was so pop-

ular that they could ship 251,000 units in that year. After four years of

continuous research, the MCS-48 family was upgraded to 8051, an 8-bit

microcontroller with on-board EPROM memory. Intel shipped 22 million

pieces in 1980. The market requirement was so much that the total units

sold in three years later were 91 million. The year 2005 is a special one

for the microcontroller 8051. It has celebrated its 25th anniversary. But,

also in 2005, Intel notiﬁed they would discontinue all automotive versions

of their microcontrollers, including 8051. Car engine control units were

once perhaps the most prominent application for 8051s. This means only

one thing, Intel gives up the microcontrollers for good. This is conﬁrmed

by product change notiﬁcation published in early 2006, announcing that

Intel drops its whole microcontroller business [9].

Microcontrollers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow 7

Embedding microcontrollers in the product oﬀers some unique

advantages. For an example, in the latest technology washing machines,

a transmission is no longer required because a lower-cost AC induction

or reluctance motor controlled by sophisticated microcontroller-based

electronics can provide all the normal machine cycles [11]. Additionally,

the electronically controlled induction or reluctance motor provides a

more eﬀective and gentler agitation (wash) cycle that allows the drum

containing the clothes to be rotated ﬁrst in one direction, then stopped,

and rotated in the opposite direction without requiring any additional

mechanical device. This forward/reverse agitation cycle provides a more

eﬀective means of cleaning your clothes without damaging the ﬁbers

used to make them.

It is also observed that the induction of microcontrollers in a product

has increased the market demand of the product itself. One such exam-

ple is NEC Electronics’ 8-bit microcontroller [12], which is employed in

over half of the digital cameras produced throughout the world, thus

making it a hit product – albeit one that plays its role behind the scenes.

In 2003, the shipment volume of 8-bit microcontrollers for digital cam-

era use achieved monthly shipments of two million. Currently, the most

commonly used microcontroller for digital cameras is the µPD78003×.

The industry’s top-level, low-voltage (1.8 V) A/D converter is built

into this compact 64-pin QFP package with an edge measuring a mere

10 × 10 mm.

1.5 Growth Economics

Many industry analysts have reported a bright growth economics

for microcontroller in the near future. Bourne Research reports that

MEMS-based motion, pressure, and acoustic sensors (as well as other

next-generation sensing technologies) are not only ﬁnding their way into

classic consumer products like toys, housewares, sporting goods, and

clothing, but applications as far-reaching as ﬂooring materials, medical

diagnostics, retail ﬁxtures, and vending machines. System complexity is

just as varied, but Bourne Research notes that, more often than not,

these products will utilize multiple sensors and microcontrollers [13].

Another interesting report by the Semiconductor Industry Association

(SIA) reveals that the microcontroller sales are projected to grow by

1.9% to $12.3 billion in 2006 and to $15.4 billion in 2009, a compound an-

nual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.3% [14]. The positive growth economics of

microcontroller chips also ushers the associated growth of software such

as simulators, cross compilers, and assemblers. The market is witnessing

many novel supporting software packages with simple user interface with

convenient compiling and debugging tools.

剩余167页未读，继续阅读

baoanping

粉丝: 0
资源: 2

微控制器探索：C语言实战指南

Programming 32-bit Microcontrollers in C Exploring the PIC32

Exploring Selinux for Android

Exploring SE for Android 无水印书签修正版pdf

the future of mobile e-health application development: exploring html5 for c

Exploring Plain Vision Transformer Backbones for Object Detection

meta-baseline: exploring simple meta-learning for few-shot learning

exploring expect pdf

Error: wrong model type for regression

最新资源