in the scalar curvature
˜
R of Weyl geometry [9, 10] (see also recent [15, 16]). In these models
the Einstein action follows from the presence of a scalar matter field φ with coupling φ
2
˜
R,
absent in our quadratic Weyl action without matter. To our knowledge, the breaking we
study in the “pure” geometric case of
˜
R
2
and
˜
C
2
-terms only, was not yet discussed. Our
goal is to show that this symmetry breaking mechanism is still at work in this case.
In section 3 we also consider the presence of matter fields in addition to Weyl quadratic
action. We study the case of the SM Higgs field (φ
1
) with all dimension-four couplings al-
lowed by Weyl gauge symmetry. We show that the Stueckelberg mechanism is still present,
with an additional benefit: the Higgs potential has spontaneous electroweak symmetry
breaking. This follows from a Weyl-invariant non-minimal coupling ξ
1
φ
2
1
˜
R; the higgs mass
becomes ∝ ξ
1
/ξ
0
(Planck units), where ξ
0
is the coefficient of the
˜
R
2
term.
There is also an ultraviolet (UV) motivation to study Weyl gauge symmetry: this can
play a role in early cosmology when effective field theory at short distances becomes nearly
conformal. Then models with Weyl (gauged) symmetry [9–22], conformal or global scale
symmetry [24–45] provide an interesting setup for UV model building. It is possible that
Weyl quadratic gravity be a renormalizable theory, similar to (Riemannian) R
2
gravity [46].
Thus Weyl gauge symmetry is interesting for studying the SM in the presence of gravity,
with all scales generated spontaneously. This symmetry may even be respected at the
quantum level [28–36, 47]. This opens the possibility to solve the hierarchy problem by
endowing the SM with spontaneously broken Weyl gauge symmetry [13–15, 22].
2 Spontaneous breaking of Weyl gauge symmetry
2.1 From Weyl conformal geometry to a Riemannian description
Let us review some aspects of Weyl geometry needed when discussing Weyl gauge invariance
of the action. A (local) conformal transformation of the metric and of a field φ is given by
1
g
µν
→ g
0
µν
= e
2 α(x)
g
µν
,
φ → φ
0
= e
−α(x) ∆
φ. (2.1)
Then g
µν0
= e
−2α(x)
g
µν
and
√
g
0
= e
4α(x)
√
g with g = |det g
µν
|. ∆ = 1 for a scalar field φ
(3/2 for fermions). To transformation (2.1) one can associate that of a Weyl gauge field
ω
µ
which, due to (2.1), has geometric origin:
ω
µ
→ ω
0
µ
= ω
µ
−
2
q
∂
µ
α(x). (2.2)
Eqs. (2.1), (2.2) define our Weyl (gauge) transformations; q is the coupling to scalar field φ,
with Weyl-covariant derivative
˜
D
µ
φ=(∂
µ
−q/2 ω
µ
)φ. In Weyl geometry
˜
∇
µ
g
αβ
= −q ω
µ
g
αβ
,
with
˜
∇ = dx
ρ
˜
∇
ρ
the Weyl covariant derivative computed with the connection
˜
Γ
ρ
µν
, where
˜
Γ
ρ
µν
= Γ
ρ
µν
+
q
2
h
δ
ρ
µ
ω
ν
+ δ
ρ
ν
ω
µ
− g
µν
ω
ρ
i
. (2.3)
1
The conventions used are similar to those in [48], with metric (+, −, −, −).
– 2 –