User Sensing based on MIMO Cognitive Radio
Sensor Networks
Wei Ma
#1
, Mu Qing Wu
#2
#
School of Information and Telecommunication Engineering
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
Beijing 100876, China
e-mail:
1
mwlgn@yahoo.com.cn
e-mail:
2
wumuqing@bupt.edu.cn
Dong Liu *
3
, Meng Ling Wang*
4
*
PLA Communication and Command Institute, Wuhan
430010, China
β
Academy of Armorde Force Engineering ,Beijing , China
e-mail
3
mawei@bupt.edu.cn
Abstract— In this paper, we consider cooperative spectrum
sensing in OFDM based on energy detection in MIMO cognitive
radio sensor networks. Soft combination of the observed energy
values from different cognitive radio users is investigated.
Square-law-combining (SLC) is theoretically proved to be nearly
optimal in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region, an usual
scenario in the context of MIMO cognitive radio sensor networks.
In particularly, the OFDM based MIMO cognitive radio sensor
networks detect the primary user OFDM signal, where CR
receiver is equipped with multiple antennas based energy
detector. We observed significant impromvement in primary user
detection with SLC based energy detection at the MIMO
cognitive radio sensor networks.
Keywords- Cooperative Spectrum Sensing; energy detection;
OFDM; MIMO
I.
I
NTRODUCTION
The demand of radio-frequency spectrum is increasing to
support the user needs in wireless communication. FCC report
[1] suggests that many portion of radio spectrum are not in use
for significant period of time and use of these “spectrum holes”
can be increased significantly. Cognitive radio (CR) [2] enables
much higher spectrum efficiency by dynamic spectrum
access[3-4]. Therefore, it is a potential technique for future
wireless communications to mitigate the spectrum scarcity
issue. A CR user acts as a secondary (unlicensed) user and is
allowed to utilize a spectrum band only when it does not cause
interference to primary (licensed) users, which entails
continuous spectrum sensing in MIMO CR sensor networks.
Therefore, it becomes a critical issue in cognitive radio to
detect the presence of primary signals reliably and quickly[5].
Cognitive radio transmits on a piece of spectrum found not
utilized by the primary user (PU). Subsequent transmission
from CR should not cause interference to primary user when
PU starts using previously unused spectrum. Spectrum sensing
is a tough task because of shadowing, fading, and time-varying
nature of wireless channels. This results in low signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) condition at the CR input, and makes CR fails to
detect primary user and begins transmission, thereby causing
potential interference to the primary user. To combat these
effects, cooperative spectrum sensing schemes have been
proposed to take advantage of the spatial diversity in wireless
[6]-[9]. In cooperative spectrum sensing, information from
different CR users is combined to make a decision. In [8] and
[9], only conventional hard combination is considered, in
which CR users exchange only one bit of information
regarding whether their observed energy value is above a
certain threshold. In this paper, soft combination is investigated,
in which accurate energy values observed by different CR
users are combined to make a better decision. Existing
spectrum sensing techniques can be divided into three types
[10]: energy detection, matched filter detection, and
cyclostationary detection. We only consider energy detection
for spectrum sensing in this paper. We will show that
cooperative frequency spectrum sensing in OFDM equipped
with multiples antennas and square-law-combining (SLC)
based energy detector in cognitive radio sensor networks
scheme offer potential improvement in detection performance.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II
describes the system model based OFDM. The section III
provides detailed analysis of the methods of user sensing
approach in OFDM based on spatial spectrum estimation. The
section IV present the simulation and experiment results. The
last section concludes the paper.
II. OFDM
SYSTEM MODEL
In this section, we derive the cooperative spectrum
detection probabilities of OFDM based MIMO cognitive radio
sensor networks using energy detector to detect the presence of
PU in a Rayleigh fading channel. We assume that the number
of OFDM based MIMO detectors are
D in sensor networks
and the number of antennas of every detector are
. We
consider PU transmitting OFDM signal with
Q -subcarriers on
a bandwidth
W . The transmission parameters, such as symbol
period, carrier frequency and sub-carrier spacing of PU-OFDM
signal are defined as
i
T ,
i
f and ()1
ii
fTΔ= , respectively.
The CR-OFDM system consists of
K number of sub-carriers
with symbol period
s
T , carrier frequency
s
f , and bandwidth
B . In the following, we assume
si
ff= and derive the
detection probabilities of PU signal on CR receiver with
multiple antennas. In OFDM transmission system, the symbols
of user are passed though
Q -point IDFT block and cyclic
prefix (CP) is added for eliminating inter-channel-interference
(ICI) that brought about by multipath propagation. The basic
block diagram of the OFDM is illustrated in Figure. 1.
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