掌握TCP/IP路由技术II：专业发展与扩展

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"Routing TCP/IP, Volume II (CCIE Professional Development)" 是由Jeff Doyle（CCIE #1919）和Jennifer DeHaven Carroll（CCIE #1402）合著的一本权威专业书籍，旨在帮助网络专业人士深入理解并实施复杂的路由协议和技术。本书是Cisco Press出版于2001年4月11日，具有976页的内容，适合于那些希望扩展网络规模和管理能力的读者。本书的核心主题围绕着路由TCP/IP的高级概念展开，特别是外部网关协议（EGP），如BGP-4（Border Gateway Protocol version 4）。作者以其实践性的方法和易于理解的格式，详细探讨了TCP连接、消息状态、路径属性、内部路由协议间的交互以及邻接关系的设置，这些都是实现有效路由器操作的基础，对于网络扩展至关重要。在前作《Routing TCP/IP, Volume I》的基础上，Volume II进一步探索了自治系统（AS）之间的路由，并着重于多播路由、网络地址转换（NAT）以及IPv6（Internet Protocol version 6）的实施。IPv6作为下一代互联网协议，它的引入对于支持更大的地址空间和提高网络效率具有重大意义。此外，书中还涵盖了有效的路由器管理和维护技术，帮助读者理解和应对随着网络规模增长所面临的挑战。作为CCIE专业发展系列的一部分，这本书不仅是一本经典教材，也是每个网络专业人员图书馆中的必备参考资料，因为它提供了全面且实用的知识，能够帮助他们在日益复杂的网络环境中保持竞争力。无论是初次接触这些高级路由技术的学员，还是经验丰富的网络工程师，"Routing TCP/IP, Volume II" 都能提供深入的理论指导和实战技巧，是提升路由设计和优化能力不可或缺的工具。通过阅读这本书，读者将掌握如何在不断变化的网络环境中进行策略性决策和高效运营。

The Origins of EGP

In the early 1980s, the routers (gateways) that made up the ARPANET (predecessor of the modern

Internet) ran a distance vector routing protocol known as the Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP).

Every gateway knew a route to every reachable network, at a distance measured in gateway hops.

As the ARPANET grew, its architects foresaw the same problem that administrators of many growing

internetworks encounter today: Their routing protocol did not scale well.

Eric Rosen, in RFC 827[1], chronicles the scalability problems:

● With all gateways knowing all routes, "the overhead of the routing algorithm becomes

excessively large." Whenever a topology change occurs, the likelihood of which increases with

the size of the internetwork, all gateways have to exchange routing information and

recalculate their tables. Even when the internetwork is in a steady state, the size of the

routing tables and routing updates becomes an increasing burden.

● As the number of GGP software implementations increases, and the hardware platforms on

which they are implemented become more diverse, "it becomes impossible to regard the

Internet as an integrated communications system." Specifically, maintenance and

troubleshooting become "nearly impossible."

● As the number of gateways grows, so does the number of gateway administrators. As a

result, resistance to software upgrades increases: "[A]ny proposed change must be made in

too many different places by too many different people."

The solution proposed in RFC 827 was that the ARPANET be migrated from a single internetwork to a

system of interconnected, autonomously controlled internetworks. Within each internetwork, known

as an autonomous system (AS), the administrative authority for that AS is free to manage the

internetwork as it chooses. In effect, the concept of autonomous systems broadens the scope of

internetworking and adds a new layer of hierarchy. Where there was a single internetwork—a

network of networks—there is now a network of autonomous systems, each of which is itself an

internetwork. And just as a network is identified by an IP address, an AS is identified by an

autonomous system number. An AS number is a 16-bit number assigned by the same addressing

authority that assigns IP addresses.

NOTE

Also like IP addresses, some AS numbers are reserved for private use. These

numbers range from 64512 to 65535. See RFC 1930 (www.isi.edu/in-

notes/rfc1930.txt) for more information.

Chief among the choices the administrative authority of each AS is free to make is the routing

protocol that its gateways run. Because the gateways are interior to the AS, their routing protocols

are known as interior gateway protocols (IGPs). Because GGP was the routing protocol of the

ARPANET, it became by default the first IGP. However, interest in the more modern (and simpler)

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) was building in 1982, and it was expected that this and other as-

yet-unplanned protocols would be used in many autonomous systems. These days, GGP has been

completely replaced by RIP, RIP-2, Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), Enhanced IGRP

(EIGRP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), and Integrated Intermediate System-to-Intermediate

System (IS-IS).

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掌握TCP/IP路由技术II：专业发展与扩展

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