SWI-Prolog 6.3.7官方手册：全面编程语言与应用支持

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SWI-Prolog-6.3.7用户手册是一份详细的文档，针对SWI-Prolog这款全面且可移植的Prolog编程语言的版本6.3.7进行了更新。该手册发布于2012年12月，由荷兰阿姆斯特丹瓦赫宁根大学（VU University Amsterdam）和阿姆斯特丹大学（University of Amsterdam）的Jan Wielemaker编写并维护。SWI-Prolog的目标是提供一个强大且可扩展的实现，支持广泛的各类应用，包括但不限于与其他编程语言、数据库、图形界面以及网络通信的接口。在功能特性方面，SWI-Prolog特别注重与HTML/SGML/XML和RDF文档的处理，这使得它在构建服务器应用程序时表现出色，得益于其对多线程支持的稳健性和内置的HTTP服务器库。它的设计遵循爱丁堡传统，这意味着它不仅符合ISO Prolog标准，而且在很大程度上兼容其他流行的Prolog方言，如Quintus、SICStus和YAP Prolog。为了增强跨平台兼容性，SWI-Prolog开发了一种兼容框架，这一框架是在与YAP合作的基础上建立的，并已经针对YAP、SICStus和IF/Prolog进行了实例化。这意味着SWI-Prolog用户可以利用这些工具的优势，同时享受到其自身提供的丰富的开发环境和工具集。此外，作为一款面向开发者的工具，SWI-Prolog手册详细介绍了如何高效地使用其内置的库函数，以及如何进行模块化编程、错误处理、性能优化等方面的知识。它还可能包含示例代码和最佳实践，帮助用户快速上手并充分利用其强大的功能。这份手册对于想要深入学习Prolog或寻求在实际项目中运用SWI-Prolog的开发者来说，是不可或缺的参考资料。

Overview 2

2.1 Getting started quickly

2.1.1 Starting SWI-Prolog

Starting SWI-Prolog on Unix

By default, SWI-Prolog is installed as ‘swipl’. The command-line arguments of SWI-Prolog itself

and its utility programs are documented using standard Unix man pages. SWI-Prolog is normally

operated as an interactive application simply by starting the program:

machine% swipl

Welcome to SWI-Prolog ...

...

1 ?-

After starting Prolog, one normally loads a program into it using consult/1, which may be abbre-

viated by putting the name of the program ﬁle between square brackets. The following goal loads the

ﬁle likes.pl containing clauses for the predicates likes/2:

?- [likes].

% likes compiled, 0.00 sec, 17 clauses

true.

After this point, Unix and Windows users unite, so if you are using Unix please continue at sec-

tion 2.1.2.

Starting SWI-Prolog on Windows

After SWI-Prolog has been installed on a Windows system, the following important new things are

available to the user:

• A folder (called directory in the remainder of this document) called swipl containing the

executables, libraries, etc. of the system. No ﬁles are installed outside this directory.

• A program swipl-win.exe, providing a window for interaction with Prolog. The program

swipl.exe is a version of SWI-Prolog that runs in a console window.

SWI-Prolog 6.3 Reference Manual

2.2. THE USER’S INITIALISATION FILE 15

• The ﬁle-extension .pl is associated with the program swipl-win.exe. Opening a .pl ﬁle

will cause swipl-win.exe to start, change directory to the directory in which the ﬁle-to-

open resides and load this ﬁle.

The normal way to start with the likes.pl ﬁle mentioned in section 2.1.1 is by simply double-

clicking this ﬁle in the Windows explorer.

2.1.2 Executing a query

After loading a program, one can ask Prolog queries about the program. The query below asks Prolog

what food ‘sam’ likes. The system responds with X = hvaluei if it can prove the goal for a certain

X. The user can type the semi-colon (;) or spacebar

if (s)he wants another solution. Use the RETURN

key if you do not want to see the more answers. Prolog completes the output a full stop (.) if the

user uses the RETURN key or Prolog knowns there are no more answers. If Prolog cannot ﬁnd (more)

answers, it writes false. Finally, Prolog can answer using an error message to indicate the query or

program contains an error.

?- likes(sam, X).

X = dahl ;

X = tandoori ;

...

X = chips.

Note that the answer written by Prolog is a valid Prolog program that, when executed, produces the

same set of answers as the original program.

2.2 The user’s initialisation ﬁle

After the system initialisation the system consults (see consult/1) the user’s startup ﬁle. The

base-name of this ﬁle follows conventions of the operating system. On MS-Windows, it is the ﬁle

pl.ini and on Unix systems .plrc. The ﬁle is searched using the file search path/2

clauses for user profile. The table below shows the default value for this search-path. The

phrase happdatai refers to the Windows CSIDL name for the folder. The actual name depends on the

Windows language. English versions typically use ApplicationData. See also win folder/2

Unix Windows

local . .

home ˜ happdatai/SWI-Prolog

After the ﬁrst startup ﬁle is found it is loaded and Prolog stops looking for further startup ﬁles. The

name of the startup ﬁle can be changed with the ‘-f file’ option. If File denotes an absolute path,

On most installations, single-character commands are executed without waiting for the RETURN key.

The SWI-Prolog toplevel differs in several ways from traditional Prolog toplevel. The current toplevel was designed in

cooperation with Ulrich Neumerkel.

SWI-Prolog 6.3 Reference Manual

16 CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW

this ﬁle is loaded, otherwise the ﬁle is searched for using the same conventions as for the default

startup ﬁle. Finally, if ﬁle is none, no ﬁle is loaded.

The installation provides a ﬁle customize/dotplrc with (commented) commands that are

often used to customize the behaviour of Prolog, such as interfacing to the editor, color selection or

history parameters. Many of the development tools provide menu entries for editing the startup ﬁle

and starting a fresh startup ﬁle from the system skeleton.

See also the -s (script) and -F (system-wide initialisation) in section 2.4 and section 2.3.

2.3 Initialisation ﬁles and goals

Using command-line arguments (see section 2.4), SWI-Prolog can be forced to load ﬁles and execute

queries for initialisation purposes or non-interactive operation. The most commonly used options are

-f file or -s file to make Prolog load a ﬁle, -g goal to deﬁne an initialisation goal and

-t goal to deﬁne the top-level goal. The following is a typical example for starting an application

directly from the command-line.

machine% swipl -s load.pl -g go -t halt

It tells SWI-Prolog to load load.pl, start the application using the entry-point go/0 and —instead

of entering the interactive top-level— exit after completing go/0. The -q may be used to suppress

all informational messages.

In MS-Windows, the same can be achieved using a short-cut with appropriately deﬁned command-

line arguments. A typically seen alternative is to write a ﬁle run.pl with content as illustrated below.

Double-clicking run.pl will start the application.

:- [load]. % load program

:- go. % run it

:- halt. % and exit

Section 2.10.2 discusses further scripting options and chapter 10 discusses the generation of runtime

executables. Runtime executables are a means to deliver executables that do not require the Prolog

system.

2.4 Command-line options

The full set of command-line options is given below:

--arch

When given as the only option, it prints the architecture identiﬁer (see Prolog ﬂag arch) and

exits. See also -dump-runtime-variables. Also available as -arch.

--dump-runtime-variables

When given as the only option, it prints a sequence of variable settings that can be used in

shell-scripts to deal with Prolog parameters. This feature is also used by swipl-ld

(see section 9.5). Below is a typical example of using this feature. Also available as

-dump-runtime-variables.

SWI-Prolog 6.3 Reference Manual

18 CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW

2.4.1 Controlling the stack-sizes

The default limit for the Prolog stacks is 128Mb on 32-bit and 256Mb on 64-bit hardware. The 128Mb

limit on 32-bit system is the highest possible value and the commandline options can thus only be used

to lower the limit. On 64-bit systems, the limit can both be reduced and enlarged. See section 2.19.

Below are two examples, the ﬁrst reducing the local stack limit to catch unbounded recursion quickly

and the second using a big (32Gb) global limit, which is only possible on 64-bit hardware. Note that

setting the limit using the commandline only sets a soft limit. Stack parameters can be changed (both

reduced and enlarged) at any time using the predicate set prolog stack/2.

$ swipl -L8m

$ swipl -G32g

-Gsize[kmg]

Limit for the global stack (sometimes also called term-stack or heap). This is where compound

terms and large numbers live.

-Lsize[kmg]

Limit for the local stack ((sometimes also called environment-stack). This is where environ-

ments and choice-points live.

-Tsize[kmg]

Limit for the trail stack. This is where we keep track of assignments, so we can rollback on

backtracking or exceptions.

2.4.2 Running goals from the commandline

-g goal

Goal is executed just before entering the top level. Default is a predicate which prints the

welcome message. The welcome message can be suppressed with --quiet, but also with

-g true. goal can be a complex term. In this case quotes are normally needed to protect it

from being expanded by the shell. A safe way to run a goal non-interactively is here:

% swipl <options> -g go,halt -t ’halt(1)’

-t goal

Use goal as interactive top-level instead of the default goal prolog/0. goal can be a complex

term. If the top-level goal succeeds SWI-Prolog exits with status 0. If it fails the exit status is

1. If the toplevel raises an exception, this is printed as an uncaught error and the toplevel is

restarted. This ﬂag also determines the goal started by break/0 and abort/0. If you want

to stop the user from entering interactive mode start the application with ‘-g goal’ and give

‘halt’ as top-level.

2.4.3 Compiler options

-c ﬁle . . .

Compile ﬁles into an ‘intermediate code ﬁle’. See section 2.10.

SWI-Prolog 6.3 Reference Manual

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