Java平台专家指导：J2EE企业架构师认证学习指南

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"Sun Certified Enterprise Architect for J2EE™ Technology Study Guide" 本书是针对Sun Certified Enterprise Architect for Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition（J2EE）考试的官方授权学习指南，由Java平台专家Mark Cade和Simon Roberts撰写。这本书旨在帮助读者理解和掌握设计高效J2EE技术架构的技巧，同时全面覆盖了考试的所有要素，包括选择题、任务和论文部分。书中详细讨论了关键的J2EE平台架构问题和所有考试目标，以下是部分核心知识点： 1. **系统架构的目标理解**：了解系统架构设计的目的是什么，它如何与业务需求相结合，以及如何通过架构决策来满足这些需求。 2. **创建需求和架构文档**：学习如何编写能够作为整个开发过程蓝图的需求文档和架构文档，确保项目团队对系统有清晰的共同理解。 3. **运用成熟的设计模式**：掌握常见的设计模式，如工厂模式、观察者模式、装饰器模式等，以及在J2EE环境中如何有效利用它们来解决复杂问题。 4. **选择合适的J2EE技术和API**：学习如何根据应用程序的需求选择J2EE平台中的适当技术，如Servlet、JSP、EJB、JMS、JTA等，并了解各种技术的优势和适用场景。 5. **优化安全性**：理解J2EE平台的安全机制，如角色基线、认证、授权、加密和安全管理，以及如何在设计中融入这些元素以保护应用程序和数据。 6. **性能和可扩展性**：探讨如何通过负载均衡、缓存策略、数据库优化等手段提高系统的性能和可扩展性，以应对高并发和大数据量的挑战。 7. **分布式系统设计**：了解在分布式环境下，如何处理服务发现、事务管理、状态管理等问题，确保系统的稳定性和可靠性。 8. **部署和运维**：学习如何规划和执行有效的部署策略，包括容器配置、集群设置、热升级和监控工具的使用，以确保应用的顺利运行和维护。 9. **软件生命周期管理**：涵盖从需求分析到测试、部署和维护的整个软件开发生命周期，强调架构在整个过程中的作用和重要性。 10. **论文和任务部分的准备**：书中将提供对实际项目案例的分析和设计练习，帮助读者准备好考试中的实操部分，展示其在真实场景下的架构设计能力。通过这本书，读者不仅可以为J2EE架构师认证考试做好充分准备，还能获得构建大型企业级Java应用所需的实际技能和理论知识。

Manageability

Manageability is the ability to manage the system to ensure the continued health of a

system with respect to scalability, reliability, availability, performance, and security.

Manageability deals with system monitoring of the QoS requirements and the ability to

change the system configuration to improve the QoS dynamically without changing the

system. Your architecture must have the ability to monitor the system and allow for

dynamic system configuration.

Security

Security is the ability to ensure that the system cannot be compromised. Security is by far

the most difficult systemic quality to address. Security includes not only issues of

confidentiality and integrity, but also relates to Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks that

impact availability. Creating an architecture that is separated into functional components

makes it easier to secure the system because you can build security zones around the

components. If a component is compromised, then it is easier to contain the security

violation to that component.

Essential Points

Architecture is a set of structuring principles that enables a system to be comprised of a

set of simpler systems each with its own local context that is independent of but not

inconsistent with the context of the larger system as a whole.

[3]

Sun Microsystems, Inc.

• The role of the architect is to make designer and developers productive as quickly

as possible.

• Creating an architecture to address the service-level requirements will help you to

avoid that “CNN” moment.

• Scalability is the ability to support the required quality of service as the system

load increases without changing the system.

• Reliability ensures the integrity and consistency of the application and all of its

transactions.

• Availability ensures that a service/resource is always accessible.

• Extensibility is the ability to add additional functionality or modify existing

functionality without impacting existing system functionality.

• Maintainability is the ability to correct flaws in the existing functionality without

impacting other components of the system.

• Manageability is the ability to manage the system to ensure the continued health

of a system with respect to scalability, reliability, availability, performance, and

security.

• Security is the ability to ensure that the system cannot be compromised.

• Distinguish between stateful and stateless Session beans

• Explain how the EJB container does life cycle management and has the capability

to increase scalability

• State the benefits of bean pooling in an EJB container

• State the benefits of Passivation in an EJB container

• State the transactional behavior in a given scenario for an enterprise bean method

with a specified transactional attributed as defined in the deployment descriptor

• State the benefits and costs of container-managed persistence

• Identify costs and benefits of using an intermediate data-access object between an

entity bean and the data resource.

Prerequisite Review

This chapter assumes that you have a basic understanding of J2EE. You are not expected

to program to the APIs of J2EE, but you are expected to understand the capabilities of the

APIs. This chapter does not describe J2EE in detail. It describes those aspects of J2EE

that are tested in the exam.

Discussion

J2EE is a platform for developing distributed enterprise software applications. J2EE

consists of the following (known as the J2EE Framework):

• J2EE Platform – A standard platform for hosting J2EE applications.

• Reference Implementation – An application server that supports the latest

specification, except its focus is on the most recent release of the specification and

it is not production ready.

• Compatibility Test Suite – A utility that verifies that an application server is

compatible with J2EE. Without the Compatibility Test Suite, each vendor could

interpret and implement the specification differently, thereby reducing the benefit

of the write once, run anywhere functionality in the J2EE platform.

• Application Programming Model (APM) Blueprint – A reference provided to

teach individuals how to develop distributed applications using J2EE. In the last

year, the APM has lost some of its usefulness as more people become familiar

with developing distributed applications and more books and training classes are

available.

2.1 Implementing Applications Using J2EE

The J2EE Framework allows you to develop distributed applications by providing a set of

basic services around transaction management, security checks, state management, and

resource management. It is the application server that provides the actual implementation

of the J2EE Framework. Prior to the application server, each company and sometimes

each system developed the basic distributed applications services of transactions, security

and persistence.

2.2 The J2EE APIs

The following list describes the technologies used by J2EE to implement parts of a

distributed computing application:

• Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE)

• Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) – A standard API used to connect the Java

platform to database resources in a vendor-independent manner.

• RMI-JRMP – Remote Method Invocation (RMI) that uses the Java Remote

Message Protocol (JRMP).

• Java Interface Definition Language (Java IDL) – A service that incorporates

Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) into the Java platform to

provide interoperability using standard Interface Definition Language (IDL)

defined by the Object Management Group (OMG).

• Remote Method Invocation-Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (RMI-IIOP) – Protocol

that enables RMI programmers to combine the benefits of using the RMI APIs

and CORBA IIOP communications protocol to communicate with CORBA-

compliant clients that have been developed using any language compliant with

CORBA.

• Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) – A component architecture for the development and

deployment of component-based distributed business applications.

• Servlets – Interact with a Web client in a request-response mechanism. This

mechanism is based on behavior of the HTTP.

• JavaServer Pages (JSP) – Used for building applications containing dynamic Web

content, such as HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Dynamic HyperText

Markup Language (DHTML), and eXtensible Markup Language (XML).

• Java Message Server (JMS) – An API to communicate with Message Oriented

Middleware (MOM) to enable point-to-point and publish/subscribe messaging

between systems.

• Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) – A unified interface to access

different types of naming and directory services.

• Java Transaction API (JTA) – A set of APIs that allows transaction management.

Applications can use the JTA APIs to start, commit, and abort transactions.

• JavaMail – An API that provides a platform-independent and protocol-

independent framework to build mail and messaging applications.

• JavaBeans Activation Framework (JAF) – API for an activation framework that is

used by other packages, such as JavaMail. You can use JAF to determine the type

of data, encapsulate access to that data, discover the operations available on that

data, and instantiate the appropriate bean to perform these operations. For

example, JavaMail uses JAF to determine what object to instantiate based on the

mime type of the object.

2.3 Components of J2EE

J2EE is built on a component container model. The four core container components

provide runtime support for the J2EE components by means of APIs. These core

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