2018年国际建筑规范IBC：信息技术基础

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"IBC-2018是国际建筑规范(International Building Code)的2018版，它提供了一套基础性的、以性能为导向的建筑规定，旨在确保建筑物的安全、健康和能源效率。该规范涵盖了建筑系统的最低要求，基于广泛的原理制定，适用于住宅和商业建筑。" 国际建筑规范(IBC-2018)是全球建筑行业广泛采用的一套法规，它详细规定了建筑物的设计、施工、维护和改造的准则。此版本于2017年8月第一次印刷，由国际代码委员会(International Code Council, Inc.)出版，并在2017年8月31日首次发布。该规范的版权受到保护，未经许可，不得复制或传播。 2018年国际建筑规范的主要特点和内容可能包括： 1. 结构安全：规定了建筑物的结构设计和材料，确保它们能抵御自然灾害如地震、风荷载等，同时保证在正常使用条件下的稳定性。 2. 火灾防护：制定了火灾预防和控制措施，包括建筑材料的耐火等级、消防设备的配置、疏散通道的设计等。 3. 电气系统：规定了电气安装的安全标准，防止电击、火灾和其他电气相关事故。 4. 暖通空调与能源效率：规定了暖通空调系统的设计和安装，以及节能要求，促进能源的有效利用。 5. 水供给与排水：设定了水供应、废水处理和防洪的标准，保证卫生和健康环境。 6. 公共安全和无障碍设施：规定了建筑物内公共区域的安全标准，包括紧急出口、楼梯、电梯以及无障碍通道的设计。 7. 材料和组件：对建筑材料的强度、耐用性和环保性进行了规定，确保其符合安全和健康要求。 8. 施工和验收：制定了施工过程中的质量控制标准和竣工验收程序，确保建筑物达到规定的性能要求。 9. 修改和更新：根据最新的技术发展和建筑实践，2018版可能包含了自前一版以来的若干修改和改进。通过访问www.iccsafe.org/codebonus，用户可以获取一个免费的45天在线订阅，体验ICC的premium ACCESS 2018 I-Codes全集，其中包括许多强大的工具，可节省时间和提高工作效率。 IBC-2018是建筑行业从业者必须遵循的重要法规，它为建筑项目的合规性和安全性提供了明确的指导。无论是建筑师、工程师、承包商还是相关监管机构，都需要深入理解和应用这一规范，以确保建筑物的安全、功能性和可持续性。

2018 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE

ter 19 relies primarily on the reference to American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318, Building Code

Requirements for Structural Concrete. This chapter also includes references to additional standards.

Structural concrete must be designed and constructed to comply with this code and all listed stan-

dards. There are specific sections of the chapter addressing concrete slabs, anchorage to concrete

and shotcrete. Because of the variable properties of material and numerous design and construc-

tion options available in the uses of concrete, due care and control throughout the construction

process is necessary.

Chapter 20 Aluminum. Chapter 20 contains standards for the use of aluminum in building con-

struction. Only the structural applications of aluminum are addressed. This chapter does not

address the use of aluminum in specialty products such as storefront or window framing or archi-

tectural hardware. The use of aluminum in heating, ventilating or air-conditioning systems is

addressed in the International Mechanical Code (IMC). This chapter references national standards

from the Aluminum Association for use of aluminum in building construction, AA ASM 35, Alumi-

num Sheet Metal Work in Building Construction, and AA ADM 1, Aluminum Design Manual. By utiliz-

ing the standards set forth, a proper application of this material can be obtained.

Chapter 21 Masonry. This chapter provides comprehensive and practical requirements for

masonry construction. The provisions of Chapter 21 require minimum accepted practices and the

use of standards for the design and construction of masonry structures. The provisions address:

material specifications and test methods; types of wall construction; criteria for engineered and

empirical designs; and required details of construction, including the execution of construction.

Masonry design methodologies including allowable stress design, strength design and empirical

design are covered by provisions of this chapter. Also addressed are masonry fireplaces and chim-

neys, masonry heaters and glass unit masonry. Fire-resistant construction using masonry is also

required to comply with Chapter 7. Masonry foundations are also subject to the requirements of

Chapter 18.

Chapter 22 Steel. Chapter 22 provides the requirements necessary for the design and construc-

tion of structural steel (including composite construction), cold-formed steel, steel joists, steel cable

structures and steel storage racks. This chapter specifies appropriate design and construction stan-

dards for these types of structures. It also provides a road map of the applicable technical require-

ments for steel structures. Because steel is a noncombustible building material, it is commonly

associated with Types I and II construction; however, it is permitted to be used in all types of con-

struction. Chapter 22 requires that the design and use of steel materials be in accordance with the

specifications and standards of the American Institute of Steel Construction, the American Iron and

Steel Institute, the Steel Joist Institute and the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Chapter 23 Wood. This chapter provides minimum requirements for the design of buildings and

structures that use wood and wood-based products. The chapter is organized around three design

methodologies: allowable stress design (ASD), load and resistance factor design (LRFD) and conven-

tional light-frame construction. Included in this chapter are references to design and manufacturing

standards for various wood and wood-based products; general construction requirements; design

criteria for lateral force-resisting systems and specific requirements for the application of the three

design methods. In general, only Type III, IV or V buildings may be constructed of wood.

Chapter 24 Glass and Glazing. This chapter establishes regulations for glass and glazing that,

when installed in buildings and structures, are subjected to wind, snow and dead loads. Engineering

and design requirements are included in the chapter. Additional structural requirements are found

in Chapter 16. Another concern of this chapter is glass and glazing used in areas where it is likely to

be impacted by the occupants. Section 2406 identifies hazardous locations where glazing installed

must either be safety glazing or blocked to prevent human impact. Safety glazing must meet strin-

gent standards and be appropriately marked or identified. Additional requirements are provided for

glass and glazing in guards, handrails, elevator hoistways and elevator cars, as well as in athletic

facilities.

Chapter 25 Gypsum Board, Gypsum Panel Products and Plaster. Chapter 25 contains the

provisions and referenced standards that regulate the design, construction and quality of gypsum

board, gypsum panel products and plaster. It also addresses reinforced gypsum concrete. These

represent the most common interior and exterior finish materials in the building industry. This

chapter primarily addresses quality-control-related issues with regard to material specifications and

xvi 2018 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE

installation requirements. Most products are manufactured under the control of industry stan-

dards. The building official or inspector primarily needs to verify that the appropriate product is

used and properly installed for the intended use and location. While often simply used as wall and

ceiling coverings, proper design and application are necessary to provide weather resistance and

required fire protection for both structural and nonstructural building components.

Chapter 26 Plastic. The use of plastics in building construction and components is addressed in

Chapter 26. This chapter provides standards addressing foam plastic insulation, foam plastics used

as interior finish and trim, and other plastic veneers used on the inside or outside of a building. Plas-

tic siding is regulated by Chapter 14. Sections 2606 through 2611 address the use of light-transmit-

ting plastics in various configurations such as walls, roof panels, skylights, signs and as glazing.

Requirements for the use of fiber-reinforced polymers, fiberglass-reinforced polymers and reflec-

tive plastic core insulation are also contained in this chapter. Additionally, requirements specific to

the use of wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber are contained in this chapter. Some plastics

exhibit rapid flame spread and heavy smoke density characteristics when exposed to fire. Exposure

to the heat generated by a fire can cause some plastics to deform, which can affect their perfor-

mance. The requirements and limitations of this chapter are necessary to control the use of plastic

and foam plastic products such that they do not compromise the safety of building occupants.

Chapter 27 Electrical. Since electrical systems and components are an integral part of almost all

structures, it is necessary for the code to address the installation of such systems. For this purpose,

Chapter 27 references the National Electrical Code (NEC). In addition, Section 2702 addresses emer-

gency and standby power requirements. Such systems must comply with the International Fire Code

(IFC) and referenced standards. This section also provides references to the various code sections

requiring emergency and standby power, such as high-rise buildings and buildings containing haz-

ardous materials.

Chapter 28 Mechanical Systems. Nearly all buildings will include mechanical systems. This

chapter provides references to the International Mechanical Code (IMC) and the International Fuel

Gas Code (IFGC) for the design and installation of mechanical systems. In addition, Chapter 21 of

this code is referenced for masonry chimneys, fireplaces and barbecues.

Chapter 29 Plumbing Systems. Chapter 29 regulates the minimum number of plumbing fix-

tures that must be provided for every type of building. This chapter also regulates the location of

the required fixtures in various types of buildings. This section requires separate facilities for males

and females except for certain types of small occupancies. The regulations in this chapter come

directly from Chapters 3 and 4 of the International Plumbing Code (IPC).

Chapter 30 Elevators and Conveying Systems. Chapter 30 provides standards for the instal-

lation of elevators into buildings. Referenced standards provide the requirements for the elevator

system and mechanisms. Detailed standards are provided in the chapter for hoistway enclosures,

machine rooms and requirements for sizing of elevators. Beginning in the 2015 edition pf this code,

the elevator lobby requirements were moved from Chapter 7 to Chapter 30 to pull all the elevator-

related construction requirements together. New provisions were added in the 2009 edition for fire

service access elevators required in high-rise buildings and for the optional choice of occupant evac-

uation elevators (see Section 403).

Chapter 31 Special Construction. Chapter 31 contains a collection of regulations for a variety of

unique structures and architectural features. Pedestrian walkways and tunnels connecting two build-

ings are addressed in Section 3104. Membrane and air-supported structures are addressed by Sec-

tion 3102. Safeguards for swimming pool safety are addressed by way of reference to the

International Swimming Pool and Spa Code (ISPSC) in Section 3109. Standards for temporary struc-

tures, including permit requirements, are provided in Section 3103. Structures as varied as awnings,

marquees, signs, telecommunication and broadcast towers and automatic vehicular gates are also

addressed (see Sections 3105 through 3108 and 3110).

Chapter 32 Encroachments into the Public Right-of-way. Buildings and structures from

time to time are designed to extend over a property line and into the public right-of-way. Local reg-

ulations outside of the building code usually set limits to such encroachments, and such regulations

take precedence over the provisions of this chapter. Standards are provided for encroachments

below grade for structural support, vaults and areaways. Encroachments above grade are divided

2018 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE

xvii

into below 8 feet, 8 feet to 15 feet, and above 15 feet, because of headroom and vehicular height

issues. This includes steps, columns, awnings, canopies, marquees, signs, windows and balconies.

Similar architectural features above grade are also addressed. Pedestrian walkways must also com-

ply with Chapter 31.

Chapter 33 Safeguards During Construction. Chapter 33 provides safety requirements

during construction and demolition of buildings and structures. These requirements are intended to

protect the public from injury and adjoining property from damage. In addition the chapter pro-

vides for the progressive installation and operation of exit stairways and standpipe systems during

construction.

Chapter 34 Reserved. During the 2015 code change cycle the membership voted to delete Chap-

ter 34, Existing Structures, from this code and reference the International Existing Building Code

(IEBC)®. The provisions that were in Chapter 34 will appear in the IEBC. Sections 3402 through 3411

appear as IEBC Chapter 4 and Section 3412 as Chapter 14.

Chapter 35 Referenced Standards. The code contains numerous references to standards that

are used to regulate materials and methods of construction. Chapter 35 contains a comprehensive

list of all standards that are referenced in the code, including the appendices. The standards are

part of the code to the extent of the reference to the standard (see Section 102.4). Compliance with

the referenced standard is necessary for compliance with this code. By providing specifically

adopted standards, the construction and installation requirements necessary for compliance with

the code can be readily determined. The basis for code compliance is, therefore, established and

available on an equal basis to the building official, contractor, designer and owner.

Chapter 35 is organized in a manner that makes it easy to locate specific standards. It lists all of

the referenced standards, alphabetically, by acronym of the promulgating agency of the standard.

Each agency’s standards are then listed in either alphabetical or numeric order based upon the stan-

dard identification. The list also contains the title of the standard; the edition (date) of the standard

referenced; any addenda included as part of the ICC adoption; and the section or sections of this

code that reference the standard.

Appendices. Appendices are provided in the IBC to offer optional or supplemental criteria to the

provisions in the main chapters of the code. Appendices provide additional information for adminis-

tration of the Department of Building Safety as well as standards not typically administered by all

building departments. Appendices have the same force and effect as the first 35 chapters of the IBC

only when explicitly adopted by the jurisdiction.

Appendix A Employee Qualifications. Effective administration and enforcement of the family

of International Codes depends on the training and expertise of the personnel employed by the

jurisdiction and his or her knowledge of the codes. Section 103 of the code establishes the Depart-

ment of Building Safety and calls for the appointment of a building official and deputies such as

plans examiners and inspectors. Appendix A provides standards for experience, training and certifi-

cation for the building official and the other staff mentioned in Chapter 1.

Appendix B Board of Appeals. Section 113 of Chapter 1 requires the establishment of a board of

appeals to hear appeals regarding determinations made by the building official. Appendix B provides

qualification standards for members of the board as well as operational procedures of such board.

Appendix C Group U—Agricultural Buildings. Appendix C provides a more liberal set of

standards for the construction of agricultural buildings, rather than strictly following the Utility

building provision, reflective of their specific usage and limited occupant load. The provisions of this

appendix, when adopted, allow reasonable heights and areas commensurate with the risk of agri-

cultural buildings.

Appendix D Fire Districts. Fire districts have been a tool used to limit conflagration hazards in

areas of a city with intense and concentrated development. More frequently used under the model

codes that preceded the IBC, this appendix is provided to allow jurisdictions to continue the desig-

nation and use of fire districts. Fire district standards restrict certain occupancies within the district,

as well as setting higher minimum construction standards.

xviii 2018 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE

Appendix E Supplementary Accessibility Requirements. The Architectural and Transporta-

tion Barriers Compliance Board (U.S. Access Board) has revised and updated its accessibility guide-

lines for buildings and facilities covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the

Architectural Barriers Act (ABA). Appendix E includes scoping requirements contained in the 2010

ADA Standards for Accessible Design that are not in Chapter 11 and not otherwise mentioned or

mainstreamed throughout the code. Items in the appendix address subjects not typically addressed

in building codes (for example, beds, room signage, transportation facilities).

Appendix F Rodentproofing. The provisions of this appendix are minimum mechanical methods

to prevent the entry of rodents into a building. These standards, when used in conjunction with

cleanliness and maintenance programs, can significantly reduce the potential of rodents invading a

building.

Appendix G Flood-resistant Construction. Appendix G is intended to fulfill the flood-plain

management and administrative requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) that

are not included in the code. Communities that adopt the IBC and Appendix G will meet the mini-

mum requirements of NFIP as set forth in Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

Appendix H Signs. Appendix H gathers in one place the various code standards that regulate the

construction and protection of outdoor signs. Whenever possible, this appendix provides standards

in performance language, thus allowing the widest possible application.

Appendix I Patio Covers. Appendix I provides standards applicable to the construction and use

of patio covers. It is limited in application to patio covers accessory to dwelling units. Covers of

patios and other outdoor areas associated with restaurants, mercantile buildings, offices, nursing

homes or other nondwelling occupancies would be subject to standards in the main code and not

this appendix.

Appendix J Grading. Appendix J provides standards for the grading of properties. This appendix

also provides standards for administration and enforcement of a grading program including permit

and inspection requirements. Appendix J was originally developed in the 1960s and used for many

years in jurisdictions throughout the western states. It is intended to provide consistent and uni-

form code requirements anywhere grading is considered an issue.

Appendix K Administrative Provisions. Appendix K primarily provides administrative provi-

sions for jurisdictions adopting and enforcing NFPA 70—the National Electrical Code (NEC). The pro-

visions contained in this appendix are compatible with administrative and enforcement provisions

contained in Chapter 1 of the IBC and the other International Codes. Annex H of NFPA 70 also con-

tains administrative provisions for the NEC; however, some of its provisions are not compatible with

IBC Chapter 1. Section K110 also contains technical provisions that are unique to this appendix and

are in addition to technical standards of NFPA 70.

Appendix L Earthquake Recording Instrumentation. The purpose of this appendix is to fos-

ter the collection of ground motion data, particularly from strong-motion earthquakes. When this

ground motion data is synthesized, it may be useful in developing future improvements to the

earthquake provisions of the code.

Appendix M Tsunami-Generated Flood Hazard. Addressing a tsunami risk for all types of

construction in a tsunami hazard zone through building code requirements would typically not be

cost effective, making tsunami-resistant construction impractical at an individual building level.

However, this appendix does allow the adoption and enforcement of requirements for tsunami haz-

ard zones that regulate the presence of high-risk or high-hazard structures.

Appendix N Replicable Buildings. Many jurisdictions have recognized the need for some form

of expedited review process for replicable buildings. By codifying the approach contained in the ICC

G1-2010 Guidelines for Replicable Buildings, this appendix provides jurisdictions with a means of

incorporating replicable building requirements into their building code adoption process. The intent

is to streamline the plan review process at the local level by removing redundant reviews.

2018 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE

xix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION . . . . 1

PART 1—SCOPE AND APPLICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Section

101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

102 Applicability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

PART 2—ADMINISTRATION AND

ENFORCEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

103 Department of Building Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

104 Duties and Powers of Building Official . . . . . . . . . . . 2

105 Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

106 Floor and Roof Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

107 Submittal Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

108 Temporary Structures and Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

109 Fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

110 Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

111 Certificate of Occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

112 Service Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

113 Board of Appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

114 Violations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

115 Stop Work Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

116 Unsafe Structures and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Section

201 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

202 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

CHAPTER 3 OCCUPANCY

CLASSIFICATION AND USE . . . . . . . 45

Section

301 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

302 Occupancy Classification and Use Designation. . . . 45

303 Assembly Group A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

304 Business Group B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

305 Educational Group E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

306 Factory Group F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

307 High-hazard Group H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

308 Institutional Group I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

309 Mercantile Group M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

310 Residential Group R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

311 Storage Group S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

312 Utility and Miscellaneous Group U . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

CHAPTER 4 SPECIAL DETAILED

REQUIREMENTS BASED

ON USE AND OCCUPANCY. . . . . . . . 55

Section

401 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

402 Covered Mall and Open Mall Buildings . . . . . . . . . 55

403 High-rise Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

404 Atriums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

405 Underground Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

406 Motor-vehicle-related Occupancies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

407 Group I-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

408 Group I-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

409 Motion Picture Projection Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

410 Stages, Platforms and Technical

Production Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

411 Special Amusement Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

412 Aircraft-related Occupancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

413 Combustible Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

414 Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

415 Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

416 Spray Application of Flammable Finishes. . . . . . . . 93

417 Drying Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

418 Organic Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

419 Live/work Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

420 Groups I-1, R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

421 Hydrogen Fuel Gas Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

422 Ambulatory Care Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

423 Storm Shelters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

424 Children’s Play Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

425 Hyperbaric Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

426 Combustible Dusts,

Grain Processing and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

427 Medical Gas Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

428 Higher Education Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

CHAPTER 5 GENERAL BUILDING

HEIGHTS AND AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Section

501 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

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