自主动机对助人行为及其对帮助者与受助者幸福感的影响

需积分: 13 4 浏览量更新于2024-07-15 收藏 487KB PDF 举报

"When Helping Helps: Autonomous Motivation for Prosocial Behavior and Its Influence on Well-Being for the Helper and Recipient" 在心理学领域，自我决定理论（Self-determination Theory, SDT）是一个重要的理论框架，它强调了行为动机对于个体幸福感的影响。本研究由Netta Weinstein和Richard M. Ryan在罗切斯特大学进行，探讨了自发（自主）和受控的助人行为动机如何影响帮助者和被帮助者的福祉。标题中的"当帮助有所帮助：助人的自主动机及其对帮助者和接受者的影响力"揭示了研究的核心——即探讨助人的动机类型对其自身及受益人幸福感的效应。SDT认为，如果一个助人行为是出于个人意愿或自主的，那么它更有可能带来积极的心理效应，而这种效应通过满足基本的心理需求得以中介。描述中的内容提到了四个研究，它们分别通过日记法、实验设计、双人任务以及动机操纵来探索这一主题。研究1利用日记法记录每日的助人行为与帮助者幸福感之间的关系，同时检验了基本心理需求满足的中介作用。研究2通过实验设计观察选择对动机的影响，对比了自发帮助与受控帮助的后果。研究3则关注了自发帮助与受控帮助对于帮助者和被帮助者双方的不同影响。最后，研究4操纵了动机，以预测帮助者和接受者的后续结果。这四个研究共同证实了自主动机对于助人行为的重要性。当人们出于内在的动力去帮助他人，无论是帮助者还是被帮助者，他们的幸福感都会得到提升。自主动机可能导致更深层次的心理满足感，因为它满足了SDT中的三个基本心理需求：自主性（autonomy）、能力感（competence）和归属感（relatedness）。相比之下，受控动机（如外在压力或期望）可能会降低这些正面效果。该研究强调了在助人行为中保持内在动机的重要性，这对于提升个人幸福感和建立积极的人际关系具有深远意义。在实践中，鼓励和支持个体以自主的方式提供帮助，可能对社会的福祉有更大的促进作用。

motives are necessarily egoistic, and not all autonomous motives

are altruistic. For example, volunteering to help because one

wishes to gain particular skills or a set of experiences could be an

autonomous, yet egoistic, motive. Despite this, there may be

considerable overlap between egoism and control (e.g., self-esteem

motives reflect both) and altruism and autonomy (e.g., when both

reflect a sense of caring for the recipient). Thus, the dynamics of

autonomy/control may be relevant for understanding the impact of

altruism versus egoism on the quality of helping behavior and the

well-being effects derived from it.

Volition in Volunteers

Thoits (1994) proposed that volition or agency must be involved

for volunteer work to occur. In this way, she is consistent with

SDT in highlighting the importance of agency. An important

component of Thoits’s theory is the expectation that people with

greater personal well-being may have more volition to volunteer,

such that those with positive personality attributes (happiness,

self-esteem, low depression) and social resources are more likely

to volunteer, and that this work in turn promotes further well-

being. In this way, Thoits focused on helpers before engaging in

volitional prosocial acts, whereas the present article tests a model

in which volitional prosocial acts enhance needs after action. By

examining need satisfactions after helping, the present work may

speak to expectations that helping provides a sense of purpose and

can facilitate well-being (Thoits, 1992).

In sum, the theories discussed above imply that the source of

helpers’ motivations is important, although none specifically or

directly focuses on the relative volition of helpers’ motivation.

Other approaches not presently discussed, such as the functional

approach to prosocial behaviors (Clary et al., 1998), examine the

content of reasons provided by helpers for their actions. These

content reasons can also vary in their relative autonomy or degree

of controlled motivations. The present article thus extends previ-

ous research by testing whether the distinction between autonomy

and control is important for prosocial acts and whether it holds

discriminative power in predicting outcomes of helping for both

helpers and recipients.

The Present Research

The present research investigated a number of primary hypoth-

eses. First, we examined the hypothesis that prosocial acts foster

well-being in the actor when these acts are autonomous, but not

when they are controlled. Second, we hypothesized that these

positive effects of autonomous versus controlled helping on well-

being would be mediated by the satisfaction of basic psychological

needs. Finally, we examined the effects of the helper’s motivation

on the recipient; we expected that recipients would benefit most

when helpers are motivated autonomously rather than by control.

To test these hypotheses we present four studies. Study 1 ex-

amines the effects of prosocial behavior engagement, motivation to

help, and well-being consequences in naturalistic settings using a

diary methodology. To date, experience sampling approaches have

not been used widely in prosocial research, yet they offer the

opportunity to examine varied acts of helping over time at both

between- and within-persons levels of analysis. Studies 2 and 3 use

experimental designs to investigate well-being benefits to the

helper and to better establish a causal model for the effects of

variations in autonomy in helper motives. Study 3 also explores the

effects of autonomous motivation on recipient outcomes in a

dyadic helping task. Finally, Study 4 manipulates motivation and

presence of helping to compare effects on helper and recipient.

Study 1

In Study 1 we used a daily diary method to examine the effects

of helping (i.e., instances of prosocial behavior) on daily subjective

well-being (SWB), vitality, and self-esteem. Helping in the present

study was defined as engagement in activities that involved help-

ing someone else or doing something for a good cause. We used

measures that allowed us to examine the effects of prosocial

behavioral engagement on physical as well as psychological well-

being. We also used a diary approach that allowed us to assess the

occurrences, antecedents, and consequences of different prosocial

behaviors in natural settings, a method that to date has not been

widely applied in the prosocial literature. This design is also better

suited to demonstrate short-term effects of helping on well-being.

We hypothesized that autonomous motivation, as opposed to con-

trol motivation, for a prosocial act (i.e., helping) would predict

well-being resulting from a helping behavior. We also expected

that satisfaction of the basic needs would be gained from autono-

mous helping and that this need satisfaction would in turn mediate

the effects of motivation to help on the subsequent well-being of

the helper.

Method

Participants and procedure. Participants were 138 univer-

sity students (41 men, 97 women) ages 18–24 (M ⫽ 20). Of these,

5% were African American, 4% were Hispanic, 15% were Pacific

Islander or Asian, and 73% were Caucasian. Three percent iden-

tified as another ethnicity. To take part in the present study,

students went to an online registration system and signed up for a

time of their choosing. Although participants received extra credit

for attending, reasonable measures were taken to avoid coercing or

pressuring participants. Attendance was online and voluntary and

participants could select to attend the present study among many

others or to attain extra credit through other means (projects, event

attendance, etc.). A similar recruitment procedure was utilized in

all subsequent studies. Participants attended an introductory ses-

sion held 24–48 hr before beginning the diary portion of the study.

During this session, they completed Big Five traits, trait well-

being, and trait need satisfaction measures and were instructed on

diary procedures. On each of 14 days, participants were asked to

complete a bedtime survey packet that included questions about

helping and well-being throughout the day, as well as filler ques-

tions included to mask hypotheses. At the end of the 14 days,

participants returned the packets and attended a debriefing session.

Person-level measures.

Brief Big Five traits. The brief 10-item measure of the Big

Five traits (Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003) asks participants

to use 7-point scales to rate themselves on adjectives reflecting

neuroticism, extraversion, conscientious, openness, and agreeable-

ness. We focused on neuroticism in particular (␣⫽.91) to control

for its known effects on motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1985a) and

well-being (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1980). In other words, because

226

WEINSTEIN AND RYAN

剩余22页未读，继续阅读

qq_40475169

粉丝: 0
资源: 2

自主动机对助人行为及其对帮助者与受助者幸福感的影响

Levine, M. and Levine, A. A social history of helping services: Clinic, court, schools, and community. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, 315 p., [dollar]10.95

介绍几个静态分析工具和动态分析工具

Collecting bug

formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter

写出一个博客主页含有标题和内容的博客

有什么devops书籍推荐吗

写一篇关于友谊的重要性的英语演讲时间大约1分钟

最新资源