使用JAX-RS构建RESTful Java服务指南

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"《RESTful Java with Jax-RS》是一本由Bill Burke撰写的专业书籍，针对Java开发者介绍如何构建RESTful服务。REST（Representational State Transfer）是一种软件架构风格，强调通过HTTP协议来操作数据，提供了一种简单、统一的方式来设计分布式系统中的web服务。JAX-RS（Java API for RESTful Web Services）是Java平台的一个标准规范，它为开发人员提供了API和工具，用于实现RESTful服务。该书详细介绍了如何在Java应用中利用JAX-RS框架实现RESTful服务，包括但不限于以下几个关键知识点： 1. **JAX-RS基础**：章节会首先概述JAX-RS的概念，如资源（Resources）、端点（Endpoints）、URI设计原则以及HTTP方法（GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等）的应用。 2. **注解和配置**：书中会讲解如何使用JAX-RS的各种注解，如`@Path`, `@GET`, `@POST`等，以及如何配置服务器端的处理程序类和资源类。 3. **响应与请求处理**：涵盖如何处理HTTP请求，如何构建JSON或XML响应，以及错误处理和异常处理的最佳实践。 4. **资源链接和分页**：讨论如何实现资源之间的链接和分页功能，以支持高效的数据获取和展示。 5. **安全性和认证**：介绍如何在RESTful服务中实现身份验证和授权，包括OAuth和JWT等常用方法。 6. **性能优化**：关注资源的缓存策略、HTTP头优化以及如何通过CDN等手段提高服务的响应速度。 7. **实战项目**：书中可能包含若干个实际项目案例，通过实际代码展示如何将理论知识应用到实际开发中。版权信息显示，该书于2010年首次出版，由O'Reilly Media公司发行，适合于教育、商业或销售推广用途。作者Bill Burke是RESTful Web服务领域的知名专家，这使得本书不仅技术内容严谨，也具有权威性。《RESTful Java with JAX-RS》是一本实用的指南，对于想要学习和掌握RESTful架构在Java中的实现以及使用JAX-RS进行Web服务开发的读者来说，是不可或缺的参考资料。无论是初学者还是经验丰富的开发人员，都可以从中获益匪浅。"

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Bill Burke led the development of one of the JAX-RS implementations mentioned earlier

(RESTEasy) and was an active and attentive member of the expert group. His contri-

butions to expert group discussions are too numerous to list, but a few of the areas

where his input was instrumental include rules for annotation inheritance, use of reg-

ular expressions for matching request URIs, annotation-driven support for cookies and

form data, and support for streamed output.

This book, RESTful Java with JAX-RS, provides an in-depth tutorial on JAX-RS and

shows how to get the most from this new API while adhering to the REST architectural

style. I hope you enjoy the book and working with JAX-RS.

—Marc Hadley

JAX-RS Specification Lead

Sun Microsystems, Inc.

Burlington, MA

xiv | Foreword

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Preface

Author’s Note

The bulk of my career has been spent working with and implementing distributed

middleware. In the mid-’90s I worked for the parent company of Open Environment

Corporation, working on DCE tools. Later on, I worked for Iona, developing their next-

generation CORBA ORB. Currently, I work for the JBoss division of Red Hat, which

is entrenched in Java middleware, specifically Java EE. So, you could say that I have a

pretty rich perspective when it comes to middleware.

I must tell you that I was originally very skeptical of REST as a way of writing SOA

applications. It seemed way too simple and shortsighted, so I sort of blew it off for a

while. One day though, back in mid-2007, I ran into my old Iona boss and mentor Steve

Vinoski while grabbing a sandwich at D’Angelo in Westford, MA near Red Hat’s offi-

ces. We ended up sitting down, having lunch, and talking for hours. The first shocker

for me was that Steve had left Iona to go work for a start-up. The second was when he

said, “Bill, I’ve abandoned CORBA and WS-* for REST.” For those of you who don’t

know Steve, he contributed heavily to the CORBA specification, wrote a book on the

subject (which is basically the CORBA bible), and is a giant in the distributed com-

puting field, writing regularly for C++ Report and IEEE. How could the guy I looked

up to and was responsible for my foundation in distributed computing abandon

CORBA, WS-*, and the distributed framework landscape he was instrumental in cre-

ating? I felt a little betrayed and very unnerved (OK, maybe I’m exaggerating a little…).

We ended up arguing for a few hours on which was better, WS-*/CORBA or REST.

This conversation spilled into many other lengthy email messages, with me trying to

promote WS-* and him defending REST. The funniest thing to me was that as I re-

searched REST more and more I found that my arguments with Steve were just another

endless replay of debates that had been raging across the blogosphere for years. They

are still raging to this day.

Anyway, it took months for me to change my mind and embrace REST. You would

figure that my distributed computing background was an asset, but it was not. DCE,

CORBA, WS-*, and Java EE were all baggage. All were an invisible barrier for me to

accept REST as a viable (and better) alternative for writing SOA applications. I think

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that’s what I liked most about REST. It required me to rethink and reformulate the

foundation of my distributed computing knowledge. Hopefully your journey isn’t as

difficult as mine and you will be a little less stubborn and more open-minded than I was.

Who Should Read This Book

This book teaches you how to design and develop distributed web services in Java using

RESTful architectural principles on top of the HTTP protocol. It is mostly a compre-

hensive reference guide on the JAX-RS specification, which is a JCP standardized an-

notation framework for writing RESTful web services in Java.

While this book does go into many of the fundamentals of REST, it does not cover

them all and focuses more on implementation rather than theory. You can satisfy your

craving for more RESTful theory be obtaining RESTful Web Services by Leonard Ri-

chardson and Sam Ruby (O’Reilly). If you are familiar writing Java EE applications,

you will be very comfortable reading this book. If you are not, you will be at a disad-

vantage, but some experience with web application development, HTTP, and XML is

a huge plus. Before reading this book, you should also be fairly fluent in the Java lan-

guage and specifically know how to use and apply Java annotations. If you are unfa-

miliar with the Java language, I recommend Learning Java by Patrick Niemeyer and

Jonathan Knudsen (O’Reilly).

How This Book Is Organized

This book is organized into two parts: the technical manuscript, followed by the

JAX-RS workbook. The technical manuscript explains what REST and JAX-RS are,

how they work, and when to use them. The JAX-RS workbook provides step-by-step

instructions for installing, configuring, and running the JAX-RS examples from the

manuscript with the JBoss RESTEasy framework, an implementation of JAX-RS.

Part I, REST and the JAX-RS Standard

Part I starts off with a brief introduction to REST and HTTP. It then guides you through

the basics of the JAX-RS specification, and then in later chapters shows you how you

can apply JAX-RS to build RESTful web services:

Chapter 1, Introduction to REST

This chapter gives you a brief introduction to REST and HTTP.

Chapter 2, Designing RESTful Services

This chapter walks you through the design of a distributed RESTful interface for

an e-commerce order entry system.

xvi | Preface

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Chapter 3, Your First JAX-RS Service

This chapter walks you through the development of a RESTful web service written

in Java as a JAX-RS service.

Chapter 4, HTTP Method and URI Matching

This chapter defines how HTTP requests are dispatched in JAX-RS and how you

can use the @Path annotation and subresources.

Chapter 5, JAX-RS Injection

This chapter walks you through various annotations that allow you to extract in-

formation from an HTTP request (URI parameters, headers, query parameters,

form data, cookies, matrix parameters, encoding, and defining default values).

Chapter 6, JAX-RS Content Handlers

This chapter explains how to marshal HTTP message bodies to and from Java

objects using built-in handlers or writing your own custom marshallers.

Chapter 7, Response Codes, Complex Responses, and Exception Handling

This chapter walks through the JAX-RS Response object and how you use it to

return complex responses to your client (ResponseBuilder). It also explains how

exception and error handling work in JAX-RS.

Chapter 8, HTTP Content Negotiation

This chapter explains how HTTP content negotiation works, its relationship to

JAX-RS, and how you can leverage this within RESTful architectures.

Chapter 9, HATEOAS

This chapter dives into Hypermedia As The Engine Of Application State and how

it relates to JAX-RS (UriInfo and UriBuilder).

Chapter 10, Scaling JAX-RS Applications

This chapter explains how you can increase the performance of your services by

leveraging HTTP caching protocols. It also shows you how to manage concurrency

conflicts in high-volume sites.

Chapter 11, Deployment and Integration

This chapter explains how you can deploy and integrate your JAX-RS services

within Java Enterprise Edition, servlet containers, EJB, Spring, and JPA.

Chapter 12, Securing JAX-RS

This chapter walks you through the most popular mechanisms to perform authen-

tication on the Web. It then shows you how to implement secure applications with

JAX-RS.

Chapter 13, RESTful Java Clients

This chapter shows you how to write RESTful clients in Java using various libraries

and frameworks as an example (java.net.URL, Apache HTTP Client, and

RESTEasy).

Chapter 14, JAX-RS Implementations

This chapter provides a short review of available JAX-RS implementations.

Preface | xvii

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