2009年人机交互新趋势研究与工具集

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《人机交互新趋势》(Springer 2009) 是一本由José A. Macías、Toni Granollers和Pedro Latorre编著的研究著作，该书聚焦于人机交互领域的最新发展、研究、创新工具与方法。该书的发布旨在探讨这个日益重要的领域中不断涌现的技术革新和设计理念，以推动人机交互体验的提升。书中内容涵盖了广泛的主题，包括但不限于： 1. **理论与研究前沿**：介绍了当前人机交互理论的最新研究成果，这些研究可能涉及到认知科学、心理学、设计思维等方面，旨在理解用户在与技术互动中的行为模式和需求。 2. **开发方法论**：书中可能会阐述一系列创新的开发流程和方法，例如可用性测试、原型设计、用户中心设计等，以优化产品的用户体验和易用性。 3. **新技术与工具**：介绍新兴的人机交互技术，如虚拟现实（VR）、增强现实（AR）、自然语言处理（NLP）以及可穿戴设备如何改变人机交互方式。此外，还有关于软件和硬件接口的新设计，以支持更直观、无缝的交互体验。 4. **跨学科合作**：强调了多学科在人机交互领域的融合，如工程学、心理学、艺术设计等，以促进更全面且富有创意的解决方案。 5. **案例分析与实践应用**：书中可能包含实际项目案例，展示如何将理论转化为实践，以及这些新趋势在不同行业和应用场景中的成功运用。 6. **未来展望**：编辑们可能对人机交互领域未来的发展趋势进行了深入讨论，探讨技术进步如何进一步重塑我们的日常生活和工作环境。编者Angel Puerta的序言提供了对全书内容的概括和对人机交互研究领域重要性的强调，强调了这本书对于理解和推动这一领域未来发展的重要性。《人机交互新趋势》是一本集学术研究与实用指导于一体的著作，对于从事人机交互设计、开发人员、研究人员以及对用户体验感兴趣的读者来说，是了解和跟进行业动态的重要参考资料。通过深入阅读这本书，读者可以掌握最新的技术和方法，为提高人与机器之间的交互质量贡献力量。

4 S. Baldassarri and F. Royo-Santas

representation is based on the dependency analysis performed by the FreeLing appli-

cation [13]. This software was chosen due to its great versatility, power and, type

of license.

Fig. 1.2 Dependency tree of

the phrase El padre de mi

amigo ha comido un segundo

plato en el comedor (“My

friend’s father ate a second

course in the dining room”)

Example. Figure 1.2 shows an example of the dependency tree established by ana-

lyzing the phrase “El padre de mi amigo ha comido un segundo plato en el come-

dor”. The most important word in the example is the verb “comido,” from which

hang the nuclei of the blocks depending on the verb: “padre” (on “el padre de mi

amigo”), “ha” (auxiliary of the verb), “plato” (“un segundo plato”), and “en” (on

“en la mesa”). In turn, “el” and “de” hang from “padre” (represented by the genitive

“de mi amigo”).

1.2.2 Step 2: Grammatical Transformation

On the basis of the syntactic information gathered during the previous step, and

through the application of a series of grammatical rules, this module generates

a series of glosses (where a gloss is a representation of a sign in the form of a

word) which, although in keeping with grammatical rules, are still not fully correct

in LSE.

Grammatical transformation is carried out in reverse order, using bottom-up tech-

niques. Thus, we start from the leaves of the tree and the translation’s information

is gradually transmitted to the higher levels. Each new level reached receives all the

information from the nodes hanging from it. According to the type of node (whether

it is a noun phrase, a genitive, a verb group, etc.), there are speciﬁc rules associated

to it which determine how to group these words. For instance, a noun phrase is trans-

lated by placing the noun ﬁrst and adjectives and genitives next. There are two types

of information transmitted to one level from the levels subordinated to it: seman-

tic information and the already done translation of that part of the phrase. Seman-

tic information is used to gain extra information regarding the units and aspects

of the phrase. For instance, in a given phrase, both place and time belong to the

same block (noun phrase with a preposition), but they differ only in their semantics.

6 S. Baldassarri and F. Royo-Santas

1.2.3 Step 3: Morphological Transformation

Although the sentence produced in the previous step is in keeping with the gram-

matical rules of LSE, the glosses which make it up are not correct, because they do

not translate directly into signs, since they do not comply with LSE’s morpholog-

ical rules. The necessary changes for direct translation into signs are implemented

in this part of the translation process. Failure to comply with LSE’s morphological

rules can be due to several reasons: The simplest case is when the word in Spanish

does not correspond directly to a single sign but a synonym of it does. This case is

called 1-to-1’s, because one word may be replaced by one gloss. Another situation

that may occur is that a word in Spanish has no direct correlation, and therefore it

is necessary to sign several words, which is the case of hyperonyms [2, 3]. A word

in Spanish may also require several signs simply because it is signed by describing

it. For instance, in LSE there is no single sign that represents the word COMEDOR

(“dining room”), which is signed using the combination HABITACI

ON-COMER

(“room-eating”). These correlations belong to the 1-to-N type (one word giving rise

to several). In Fig. 1.4 we can appreciate the transformation of the example we have

been examining in the previous step.

Fig. 1.4 1-to-N

transformation in which

COMEDOR (dining room)

becomes

HABITACI

ON-COMER

(room + eating)

This

ﬁgure

will be

printed

in b/w

The opposite case is also possible, i.e., the representation of several words in

Spanish by a single sign in LSE. This problem turns up mostly in expressions made

up of several words, such as TENER-RAZ

ON (tener la raz

on)orDAR-BESO (dar

un beso), which are signed with a single sign.

These transformations are called N-

a-1, since several words become a single gloss. Figure 1.5 shows an example of this

case.

Respectively and literally in the second case, “To be right” and “to give a kiss” (translator’s note).

8 S. Baldassarri and F. Royo-Santas

(see Fig. 1.1). Since the system is designed for integration within a larger system

capable of taking the output produced and interpreting it, the ﬁnal method chosen

to represent the signs will determine the animation system.

In order to carry out this transformation, the module is divided into three parts:

1. Word translation: Translation of the glosses into an intermediate format that the

sign interpreter must subsequently be able to interpret. Several formats have been

studied in this ﬁeld, such as the HamNoSys (Hamburg Notation System) [14] or

the SiGML (Signing gesture markup language). Besides the previously men-

tioned formats, the possibility of direct translation to script orders in formats

belonging to each system has also been considered. However, the ﬁnal choice

of format depends on the system that is going to perform the animation. In any

case, it might be mentioned that versatility is maximum, since the fully devel-

oped system uses XML ﬁles.

2. Spelling module: In LSE there are glosses which require dactylogical spelling.

Speciﬁcally, those which have no translation in the previously mentioned dictio-

nary will be spelled. A speciﬁc module which divides words into letters accord-

ing to the characteristics of Spanish, such as the groupings RR, CH,orLL,

which have their own signs in LSE, is created for this purpose.

3. Other signs: There are other important elements besides words which are directly

translatable to signs, such as the translator’s mood swings or gestures related

to expression. These “special signs” require special translation, although this

is compatible with the word dictionary. In order to represent this information,

a series of special glosses enclosed within “<>” are created. These contain

explicit orders, such as “emphasize with a look” or “look upset”.

1.3 Inclusion of Mood

The mood of a deaf person inﬂuences the way that the person will communicate,

just like anyone else. In this case, the construction of phrases and the signs that

make them up are modiﬁed on the one hand, and the ﬁnal realization of the signs is

modiﬁed on the other.

In the fully developed system, the inclusion of mood provokes changes in two

translation phases: grammatical rules are modiﬁed, and so is the ﬁnal transformation

of the signs.

1. Grammatical transformation: As we have seen, each type of block is associ-

ated to a series of rules pertaining to its form and function. These procedures

are modiﬁed to change the way of generating the translations according to mood

swings. Mood inﬂuences meaning and leads to the repetition of certain words,

such as the nucleus, or to the appearance of new ones (similar to question tags

or pet expressions). However, it can also be the case that certain blocks alter the

order of the words within them to emphasize some of them.

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