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首页Raspberry Pi教育指南：从Scratch入门到Python实验

Raspberry Pi教育指南：从Scratch入门到Python实验

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《树莓派教育手册》是一份全面指导用户在Raspberry Pi上进行学习和开发的资源，旨在帮助初学者通过这款小型、低成本的计算机探索信息技术领域。该手册遵循Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported许可证，版本1.0发布于2012年12月。主要内容分为几个部分： 1. **Scratch入门指南**：这部分介绍了 Scratch 编程语言的基础，包括基本操作（如移动角色、动画循环）、数学应用（Maths Cat）、人工智能概念以及如何控制程序流程。此外，还有一节介绍了如何利用 Scratch 制作游戏，让学习者体验编程创造的乐趣。 2. **Greenfoot on Raspberry Pi**：虽然章节标记为“即将推出”，但可以推测这部分会介绍 Greenfoot，一个面向初学者的可视化编程环境，可能用于更高级的编程实验，尤其是在Raspberry Pi平台上。 3. **Python 实验**：深入探讨 Python 编程，引导读者从基础语法学习到更复杂的任务，如数据处理（Roman Numerals & data manipulation）、艺术创作、模拟与游戏开发，以及在资源有限（如内存和存储）的情况下解决问题。此外，还有章节介绍如何通过Python与网络互动，如提供天气预报服务。 4. **人机交互**：这部分涉及实际的应用案例，如通过Twitter集成实时通信功能，编写电子邮件应用程序，以及实现远程过程调用（Remote Procedure Call），展示如何利用Raspberry Pi与外部系统进行连接。《Raspberry Pi Education Manual》是一本实用且寓教于乐的学习资料，不仅适合对电子技术感兴趣的青少年，也适用于成人教育和DIY爱好者，它涵盖了从基础编程到实践应用的广泛内容，有助于提升学习者的编程技能和创新思维。随着科技发展，书中的一些章节可能会更新，以适应新的工具和技术。

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A beginner’s guide to Scratch

Lesson 1.2: Moving sprites

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: In this exercise, you will learn how to move sprites

around the Scratch screen in a controlled way and how to tell a joke.

RESOURCES: The sprite “roman_cat” and the background “roman_stage”.

The cat is feeling a bit lonely, so we’d better create some characters for it to play

with. You can either paint your own sprites or import sprites from the Scratch

Costumes folder. Use the New Sprites buttons to do this.

On the right-hand side of the program, just below the stage and above the Sprite

List, you’ll see three buttons: the New Sprite buttons. It’s these we’re going to use.

I want to add a time-travelling boy to my stage. To keep things simple, and to let

us get on with some more programming, we’re just going to import him.

Click on the middle New Sprite button and import the sprite “boy4-walking-c”. But

wait a sec: he’s facing the wrong way! No problem. Go to the Costumes tab and

click on Edit. Use the Flip Horizontally button to make him face to the left.

Notes:

PAINT NEW SPRITE

CHOOSE A NEW SPRITE FROM FILE

GET A SURPRISE SPRITE

A beginner’s guide to Scratch

There are also buttons to make your sprite bigger, smaller, rotate counter-

clockwise, rotate clockwise, as well as ﬂip horizontally and ﬂip vertically. Try them

out. I have also used the shrink button to make my boy smaller.

Make your sprites tell a joke

Let’s make the sprites tell each other a joke. You can do this using the speech

block from the Looks category.

You could try a simple ‘knock knock’ joke to start with.

But wait! Are you ﬁnding that both of your sprites are talking at the same time.

To ﬁx this, from the Control block add the “wait [1] secs” block to the second

sprite, before the “say” block.

Use the Import

Sprite button

to ﬁnd and

import the sprite

“boy4-walking-c”.

From the

Costumes tab,

click Edit and

use the Flip

Horizontally tool.

Notes:

A beginner’s guide to Scratch

Positioning your sprite

Ok, we’ve told a joke. But this play is looking a bit static, so let’s make our

characters move. The ﬁrst job is to move our two characters to their start points.

In my play, the cat will come in from the left and the boy from the right.

The coordinates of any point on the stage are shown at its bottom-right-hand

corner. Move your mouse around the screen and watch the numbers change.

TASK: Use your mouse to ﬁnd the centre of the screen. Move the mouse pointer

until it’s exactly over the point x: 0 y: 0. Now let’s position our sprites.

1. Select the cat sprite then, in the Blocks Palette, click on the Motion block

labelled “go to x: [0] y: [0]”.

2. Change the values in the block to x: -240 y: -80. This will take the cat to the far

left of the stage.

3. Next place a “wait [1] secs” block into your script. This will give you time to see

your cat before it moves.

4. Now add a second “go to x: [0] y: [0]” block. Use your mouse to work out the

x coordinate just left of centre on the stage, to which we want to move the cat.

Repeat this process for your other sprite, positioning it slightly to the right of

centre stage. Ideally, the two sprites should move from the edges of the screen to

stand face to face, separated by a small gap.

Now you need to make the sprites tell a joke. Remember to leave a short delay

after each sprite speaks, otherwise they’ll talk over each other. Have a look at the

screenshots to see our code (and our fantastic joke).

You may have

come across x

and y axes when

creating graphs.

the

x coordinate

the

coordinate

Tip...

Use your mouse

pointer to ﬁnd the

coordinates of a

position on the

stage and make

a note of those

coordinates on

a piece of paper.

Notes:

And here’s our code for the cat sprite.

Does your looks the same?

This is what our code for

the boy sprite looks like.

A beginner’s guide to Scratch

Over to you

TASK: Now add some code to your other character to move it to the right of the

stage and then after a short delay move it into the centre stage.

Well done! You have certainly got the hang of moving sprites about

the screen. Why not add some more characters to your stage and get

them to tell jokes?

If you are having problems, you can load the sample code, “roman_play.sb”, to

see how the program is put together. Feel free to change things and to experiment,

as this is a great way to learn.

Lesson 1.3: Animation (loops)

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: In this exercise, you will learn how to use repeat loops

to create simple animations.

RESOURCES: The sprites “bee”, “female_ﬂower” and “male_ﬂower”, and the

background “ﬂower_bed”.

With its animated characters, Scratch is great for telling stories. I have to do a

school science project on pollination, so I have decided to use Scratch to tell the

story of pollination in moving pictures. You can help me by following these

instructions to animate a bee in ﬂight.

First, open the ﬁle “bee1” from the “Animals” folder in the Scratch gallery. Next,

import the background “ﬂower_bed”, this time from the “Nature” folder in the

Scratch gallery. Delete the cat sprite; we don’t need it for this project.

Copy “bee1”, then edit “bee2” using the Select and Flip Horizontally tools, to

make its wings point downwards. Together, the two costumes – “bee1” and

“bee2” – will become an animation of a ﬂying bee.

Copy your bee,

then edit “bee2”

so that its wings

point downwards.

Notes:

A beginner’s guide to Scratch

We need some script to make the bee look as if it is ﬂying. We do this by switching

from one costume to another and back again, making the bee appear to ﬂap its

wings. As we do this we will also make the bee move forwards.

Now, build your own script to make the bee ﬂy. You will need blocks from Control,

Looks and Motion. If you get stuck, have a look at the screenshot of our code.

You’ll ﬁnd it further on in the lesson.

This is the code to

make your bee ﬂy.

Instead of using the

green ﬂag to run my

code, I will use a

“when Sprite1

clicked” block from

Control. The code

will run when I

click on the bee.

Here are the steps you need to follow:

1. Start with costume “bee1”.

2. Add a “wait [0.2] secs” block, so that the viewer has time to see the costume.

3. Move the bee on 10 steps, before switching to costume “bee2”.

4. Add another “wait [0.2] secs” block, so that the viewer has time to see the

second costume.

5. Move the bee on another 10 steps.

But we need to do this more than once. To make the bee ﬂy across the screen,

we might have to repeat this 20 times.

Don’t panic! You are using a computer. Computers are fantastic at doing things

over and over again. They can do this very accurately and never get bored, tired

or fed up.

What we need is a repeat loop.

Notes:

This is what we use to program the computer to repeat something over and over

again. You will ﬁnd the repeat loop (“repeat [10]”) in the Control blocks.

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