数字通信：衰落信道的统一分析方法

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"Digital Communication over Fading Channels - 一本由Marvin K. Simon和Mohamed-Slim Alouini合著的专业通信书籍，专注于衰落信道上的数字通信性能分析的统一方法。" 本书深入探讨了无线通信领域中的一个关键挑战——信号在传输过程中遇到的多径衰落现象，这种现象对通信系统的性能有显著影响。"Fading channels"指的是在无线通信环境中，由于信号在传播过程中遇到建筑物、地形和其他障碍物导致的信号强度变化，这会降低通信质量并可能导致数据包丢失。 Marvin K. Simon和Mohamed-Slim Alouini都是通信领域的知名专家，他们的著作以详实的理论和实践结合而闻名。在这本书中，他们提供了一个统一的框架来分析在不同类型的衰落信道（如慢衰落、快衰落、Rayleigh衰落、Rician衰落等）上数字通信的性能。内容可能包括信道建模、信道容量分析、错误率计算、均衡技术、分集策略以及各种调制和编码方案的设计与优化。书中的"Performance Analysis"部分可能涵盖了信道状态信息（CSI）的获取和利用、信道估计技术、多天线系统（MIMO）的优势、自适应传输算法以及衰落信道下的可靠性指标，如误码率（BER）、比特误率（BLER）和符号误率。此外，作者可能会讨论如何通过选择合适的调制和编码方式来对抗衰落，例如QAM（正交幅度调制）、PSK（相移键控）以及Turbo codes和LDPC codes等现代纠错编码。书中可能还涉及了关于衰落信道中的一些高级主题，如联合检测、空间时间编码、协同通信以及干扰管理策略。这些内容对于理解现代无线通信系统，尤其是4G和5G网络中的关键技术至关重要。《Digital Communication over Fading Channels》是通信工程师、研究人员和学生深入理解无线通信中衰落信道问题的宝贵参考资料，它提供了全面的理论分析和实用解决方案，有助于读者解决实际通信系统设计中的复杂问题。

xvi PREFACE

on employing alternative representations of classic functions arising in the error

probability analysis of digital communication systems (e.g., the Gaussian Q-

function

and the Marcum Q-function) in such a manner that the resulting

expressions for average bit or symbol error rate are in a form that is rarely more

complicated than a single integral with ﬁnite limits and an integrand composed of

elementary (e.g., exponential and trigonometric) functions. By virtue of replacing

the conventional forms of the above-mentioned functions by their alternative

representations, the integrand will contain the moment generating function (MGF)

of the instantaneous fading signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and as such, the uniﬁed

approach is referred to as the MGF-based approach.

In dealing with application of the MGF-based approach, the coverage in

this book is extremely broad, in that coherent, differentially coherent, partially

coherent and noncoherent communication systems are all handled, as well as

a large variety of fading channel models typical of communication links of

practical interest. Both single- and multichannel reception are discussed, and

in the case of the latter, a large variety of diversity types are considered. For

each combination of communication (modulation/detection) type, channel fading

model, and diversity type, the average bit error rate (BER) and/or symbol error

rate (SER) of the system is obtained and represented by an expression that is in

a form that can readily be evaluated.

All cases considered correspond to real

practical channels, and in many instances the BER and SER expressions obtained

can be evaluated numerically on a hand-held calculator.

In accomplishing the purpose set forth by the discussion above, the book

focuses on developing a compendium of results that to a large extent are not

readily available in standard textbooks on digital communications. Although

some of these results can be found in the myriad of contributions that have

been reported in the technical journal and conference literature, others are new

and as yet unpublished. Indeed, aside from the fact that a signiﬁcant number

of the reference citations in this book are from 1999 publications, many others

refer to papers that will appear in print in the new millennium. Whether or

not published previously, the value of the results found in this book is that

they are all colocated in a single publication with uniﬁed notation and, most

important, a uniﬁed presentation framework that lends itself to simplicity of

numerical evaluation. In writing this book, our intent was to spend as little space

as possible duplicating material dealing with basic digital communication theory

and system performance evaluation, which is well documented in many ﬁne

textbooks on the subject. Rather, this book serves to advance the material found

in these books and so is of most value to those desiring to extend their knowledge

The Gaussian Q-function has a one-to-one mapping with the complementary error function erfc x

[i.e., Qx D

erfcx/

2] commonly found in standard mathematical tabulations. In much of the

engineering literature, however, the two functions are used interchangeably and as a matter of

convenience we shall do the same in this text.

The terms bit error probability (BEP) and symbol error probability (SEP) are quite often used as

alternatives to bit error rate (BER) and symbol error rate (SER). With no loss in generality, we shall

employ both usages in this book.

PREFACE xvii

beyond what ordinarily might be covered in the classroom. In this regard, the

book should have a strong appeal to graduate students doing research in the

ﬁeld of digital communications over fading channels as well as to practicing

engineers who are responsible for the design and performance evaluation of

such systems. With regard to the latter, the book contains copious numerical

evaluations that are illustrated in the form of parametric performance curves

(e.g., average error probability versus average SNR). The applications chosen

for the numerical illustrations correspond to real practical channels, therefore

the performance curves provided will have far more than academic value. The

availability of such a large collection of system performance curves in a single

compilation allows the researcher or system designer to perform trade-off studies

among the various communication type/fading channel/diversity combinations so

as to determine the optimum choice in the face of his or her available constraints.

The book is composed of four parts, each with an express purpose. The

ﬁrst part contains an introduction to the subject of communication system

performance evaluation followed by discussions of the various types of fading

channel models and modulation/detection schemes that together form the overall

system. Part 2 starts by introducing the alternative forms of the classic functions

mentioned above and then proceeds to show how these forms can be used

to (1) evaluate certain integrals characteristic of communication system error

probability performance, and (2) ﬁnd new representations for certain probability

density and distribution functions typical of correlated fading applications.

Part 3 is the “heart and soul” of the book, since in keeping with its title, the

primary focus of this part is on performance evaluation of the various types of

fading channel models and modulation/detection schemes introduced in Part 1

for both single- and multichannel (diversity) reception. Before presenting this

comprehensive performance evaluation study, however, Part 3 begins by deriving

the optimum receiver structures corresponding to a variety of combinations

concerning the knowledge or lack thereof of the fading parameters (i.e.,

amplitude, phase, delay). Several of these structures might be deemed as too

complex to implement in practice; nevertheless, their performances serve as

benchmarks against which many suboptimum but practical structures discussed

in the ensuing chapters might be compared. In Part 4, which deals with practical

applications, we consider ﬁrst the problem of optimum combining (diversity) in

the presence of co-channel interference and then apply the uniﬁed approach to

studying the performance of single- and multiple-carrier direct-sequence code-

division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems typical of the current digital

cellular wireless standard. Finally, in Part 5 we extend the theory developed in the

preceding parts for uncoded communication to error-correction-coded systems.

In summary, the authors know of no other textbook currently on the market

that addresses the subject of digital communication over fading channels in as

comprehensive and uniﬁed a manner as is done herein. In fact, prior to the

publication of this book, to the authors’ best knowledge, there existed only two

works (the textbook by Kennedy [1] and the reprint book by Brayer [2]) that like

our book are totally dedicated to this subject, and both of them are more than a

xviii PREFACE

quarter of a century old. Although a number of other textbooks [3–11] devote

part of their contents

to fading channel performance evaluation, by comparison

with our book the treatment is brief and therefore incomplete. In view of the

above, we believe that our book is unique in the ﬁeld.

By way of acknowledgment, we wish to thank Dr. Payman Arabshahi of the

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA for providing his expertise in solving

a variey of problems that arose during the preparation of the electronic version

of the manuscript. Mohamed-Slim Alouini would also like to express his sincere

acknowledgment and gratitude to his PhD advisor Prof. Andrea J. Goldsmith

of Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA for her guidance, support, and constant

encouragement. Some of the material presented in Chapters 9 and 11 is the result

of joint work with Prof. Goldsmith. Mohamed-Slim Alouini would also like to

thank Young-Chai Ko and Yan Xin of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,

MN for their signiﬁcant contributions in some of the results presented in Chapters

9 and 7, respectively.

ARVIN K. SIMON

MOHAMED-SLIM ALOUINI

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Pasadena, California

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

REFERENCES

1. R. S. Kennedy, Fading Dispersive Communication Channels. New York: Wiley-

Interscience, 1969.

2. K. Brayer, ed., Data Communications via Fading Channels. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE

Press, 1975.

3. M. Schwartz, W. R. Bennett, and S. Stein, Communication Systems and Techniques.

New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.

4. W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.

5. J. Proakis, Digital Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill, 3rd ed., 1995 (1st and

2nd eds. in 1983, 1989, respectively).

6. M. D. Yacoub, Foundations of Mobile Radio Engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC

Press, 1993.

7. W. C. Jakes, Microwave Mobile Communication, 2nd ed., Piscataway, NJ: IEEE

Press, 1994.

Although Reference 11 is a book that is entirely devoted to digital communication over fading

channels, the focus is on error-correction coded modulations and therefore would primarily relate

only to Chapter 12 of our book.

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