逆向设计光子纤维与超表面：突破非线性频率转换效率

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"这篇受邀文章探讨了利用最近发展的逆向设计技术在非线性频率转换领域的创新应用。传统上，用于非线性频率转换的光子波导设计主要依赖直观且成熟的原则，如折射率引导和带隙工程，其结构基础往往是高度对称的简单形状，例如传统的光纤和超表面。然而，作者挑战了这种常规，提出通过逆向设计方法，能够发掘出全新的微结构化纤维和超表面，这些新型器件旨在显著提升非线性频率转换的效率。逆向设计技术突破了传统设计的局限，它不再受限于直观的几何约束，而是通过对物理原理的深入理解和数值优化，寻找那些在实验上难以直接实现但性能优异的结构。文章以复杂的、纳米级别的硫化物玻璃光纤和三维的镓砷磷化物为例，展示了这一技术如何创造出前所未有的复杂几何形态，这些特殊结构有望提供前所未有的非线性转换性能。通过这项研究，作者不仅验证了逆向设计方法的有效性，还可能开启了一扇通向新型高性能非线性光子器件的大门。这些器件有可能应用于诸如光学通信、量子信息处理、激光技术和光子计算等领域，为未来的光子学应用带来革命性的突破。这篇论文强调了逆向设计在推动光子学前沿技术发展中的重要作用，以及它如何引领我们进入一个非线性频率转换效率更高、设计更加灵活的新时代。"

Inverse-designed photonic fibers and metasurfaces

for nonlinear frequency conversion [Invited]

CHAWIN SITAWARIN,

WEILIANG JIN,

ZIN LIN,

AND ALEJANDRO W. RODRIGUEZ

Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA

John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA

*Corresponding author: arod@princeton.edu

Received 22 November 2017; revised 19 March 2018; accepted 20 March 2018; posted 21 March 2018 (Doc. ID 313902);

published 20 April 2018

Typically, photonic waveguides designed for nonlinear frequency conversion rely on intuitive and established

principles, including index guiding and bandgap engineering, and are based on simple shapes with high degrees

of symmetry. We show that recently developed inverse-design techniques can be applied to discover new kinds of

microstructured fibers and metasurfaces designed to achieve large nonlinear frequency-conversion efficiencies. As

a proof of principle, we demonstrate complex, wavel ength-scale chalcogenide glass fibers and gallium phosphide

three-dimensional metasurfaces exhibiting some of the largest nonlinear conversion efficiencies predicted thus far,

e.g., lowering the power requirement for third-harmonic generation by 10

and enhancing second-harmonic

generation conversion efficiency by 10

. Such enhancements arise because, in addition to enabling a great degree

of tunability in the choice of design wavelengths, these optimization tools ensure both frequency- and

phase-matching in addition to large nonlinear overlap factors.

OCIS codes: (050.1755) Computational electromagnetic methods; (060.4370) Nonlinear optics, fibers; (190.2620) Harmonic

generation and mixing; (190.4360) Nonlinear optics, devices; (350.4238) Nanophotonics and photonic crystals.

https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.6.000B82

1. INTRODUCTION

Nonlinear frequency conversion plays a crucial role in many

photonic applications, including ultra-short pulse shaping

[1,2], spectroscopy [3], generation of novel optical states

[4–6], and quantum information processing [7–9]. Although

frequency conversion has been studied exhaustively in bulky

optical systems, including large ring resonators [10] and etalon

cavities [11], it remains largely unstudied in micro- and nano-

scale structures where light can be confined to lengthscales of

the order of or even smaller than its wavelength. By confining

light over long a time and to small volumes, such highly com-

pact devices greatly enhance light – matter interactions, enabling

similar as well as new [12] functionalities compared to those

available in bulky systems but at much lower power levels.

Several proposals have been put forward based on the premise

of observing enhanced nonlinear effects in structures capable of

supporting multiple resonances at far-away frequencies

[13–21], among which are micro-ring resonators [22,23]

and photonic crystal (PhC) cavities [24,25]. However, to date,

these conventional designs fall short of simultaneously meeting

the many design challenges associated with resonant frequency

conversion, chief among them being the need to support multi-

ple modes with highly concentrated fields, exactly matched

resonant frequencies, and strong mode overlaps [26]. Recently,

we proposed to leverage powerful, large-scale optimization

techniques (commonly known as inverse design) to allow

computer-aided photonic designs that can address all of these

challenges.

Our recently demonstrated optimization framework allows

automatic discovery of novel cavities that support tightly local-

ized modes at several desired wavelengths and exhibit large non-

linear mode overlaps. As a proof-of-concept, we proposed

doubly resonant structures, including multi-layered, aperiodic

micro-post cavities and multi-track ring resonators, capable of

realizing second-harmonic generation efficiencies exceeding

−1

[27,28]. In this paper, we extend and apply this op-

timization approach to design extended structures, including

micro-structured optical fibers and PhC three-dimensional

metasurfaces, as shown in Fig. 1, for achieving high-efficiency

(second- and third-harmonic) frequency conversion. Harmonic

generation, which underlies numerous applications in science,

including coherent light sources [29], optical imaging and

microscopy [30,31], and entangled-photon generation [32],

is now feasible at lower power requirements thanks to the avail-

ability of highly nonlinear χ

2

and χ

3

materials such as III–V

semiconductor compounds [33,34] and novel types of

chalcogenide glasses [35]. In combination with advances in

materials synthesis, emerging fabrication technologies have also

B82

Vol. 6, No. 5 / May 2018 / Photonics Research

Research Article

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逆向设计光子纤维与超表面：突破非线性频率转换效率

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