SWI-Prolog 5.6参考手册：Amsterdam大学教程

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"SWI-Prolog教程，这是一份关于如何使用Prolog编程的详细指南，由阿姆斯特丹大学的人机研究（HCS）部门提供。该教程适用于SWI-Prolog 5.6版本，作者是Jan Wielemaker。" SWI-Prolog是一种基于Warren抽象机器（WAM）子集的Prolog实现。它最初被设计为一个开放的Prolog环境，特别强调与C语言的强力且双向接口，这是其他Prolog实现所不具备的特性。这种环境对于处理XPCE（一种在SWI中开发的对象导向GUI系统）是必要的。XPCE被用来在SWI中开发知识密集型的图形应用程序。随着SWI-Prolog的普及，一个庞大的用户社区对其发展产生了影响，主要的需求集中在兼容性、可移植性、可扩展性、稳定性和提供强大的开发环境。SWI-Prolog的原始功能设计受到了爱丁堡Prolog、Quintus Prolog、SICStus Prolog以及ISO Prolog标准的启发。这份参考手册提供了SWI-Prolog功能的概述，包括其语法、语义和使用技巧。内容可能涵盖逻辑编程基础，如规则、事实和查询，以及更高级的主题，如模块系统、动态数据库、错误处理、过程控制结构、输入/输出操作、外部接口（如与C语言的交互）以及XPCE图形库的使用方法。此外，手册还可能详细介绍了编译器和解释器的工作原理，以及如何调试和优化Prolog程序。对于初学者，教程可能会从基本的Prolog概念开始，逐步引导读者理解如何在SWI-Prolog环境中编写和测试程序。对于有经验的开发者，文档可能包含关于高级特性的深入讨论，如并发、持久化存储和网络通信。这份SWI-Prolog教程是一个全面的学习资源，旨在帮助程序员充分利用这个强大而灵活的Prolog实现，无论他们是新手还是专业人士。通过学习这份教程，读者将能够掌握使用SWI-Prolog开发高效、可维护的逻辑程序的技能，并了解如何利用其独特的特性来构建复杂的知识表示和图形用户界面。

16 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.6.8 Version 2.9 Release Notes

Version 2.9 is the next step towards version 3.0, improving ISO compliance and introducing ISO com-

pliant exception handling. New are catch/3, throw/1, abolish/1, write term/[2,3],

write canonical/[1,2] and the C-functions PL exception() and PL throw(). The predicates

display/[1,2] and displayq/[1,2] have been moved to backcomp, so old code referring

to them will autoload them.

The interface to PL open query() has changed. The debug argument is replaced by a bitwise or’ed

ﬂags argument. The values FALSE and TRUE have their familiar meaning, making old code using

these constants compatible. Non-zero values other than TRUE (1) will be interpreted different.

1.6.9 Version 3.0 Release Notes

Complete redesign of the saved-state mechanism, providing the possibility of ‘program resources’.

See resource/3, open resource/3, and qsave program/[1,2].

1.6.10 Version 3.1 Release Notes

Improvements on exception-handling. Allows relating software interrupts (signals) to exceptions,

handling signals in Prolog and C (see on signal/3 and PL signal()). Prolog stack overﬂows now

raise the resource error exception and thus can be handled in Prolog using catch/3.

1.6.11 Version 3.3 Release Notes

Version 3.3 is a major release, changing many things internally and externally. The highlights are a

complete redesign of the high-level I/O system, which is now based on explicit streams rather then

current input/output. The old Edinburgh predicates (see/1, tell/1, etc.) are now deﬁned on top

of this layer instead of the other way around. This ﬁxes various internal problems and removes Prolog

limits on the number of streams.

Much progress has been made to improve ISO compliance: handling strings as lists of one-

character atoms is now supported (next to character codes as integers). Many more exceptions have

been added and printing of exceptions and messages is rationalised using Quintus and SICStus Pro-

log compatible print message/2, message hook/3 and print message lines/3. All

predicates described in [Deransart et al., 1996] are now implemented.

As of version 3.3, SWI-Prolog adheres the ISO logical update view for dynamic predicates. See

section 4.13.1 for details.

SWI-Prolog 3.3 includes garbage collection on atoms, removing the last serious memory leak

especially in text-manipulation applications. See section 9.6.2. In addition, both the user-level and

foreign interface supports atoms holding 0-bytes.

Finally, an alpha version of a multi-threaded SWI-Prolog for Linux is added. This version is still

much slower than the single-threaded version due to frequent access to ‘thread-local-data’ as well as

some too detailed mutex locks. The basic thread API is ready for serious use and testing however. See

section 8.

Incompatible changes

A number of incompatible changes result from this upgrade. They are all easily ﬁxed however.

SWI-Prolog 5.6 Reference Manual

1.6. RELEASE NOTES 17

• !/0, call/1

The cut now behaves according to the ISO standard. This implies it works in compound goals

passed to call/1 and is local to the condition part of if-then-else as well as the argument of

\+/1.

• atom chars/2

This predicate is now ISO compliant and thus generates a list of one-character atoms. The

behaviour of the old predicate is available in the —also ISO compliant— atom codes/2

predicate. Safest repair is a replacement of all atom chars into atom codes. If you do not

want to change any source-code, you might want to use

user:goal_expansion(atom_chars(A,B), atom_codes(A,B)).

• number chars/2

Same applies for number chars/2 and number codes/2.

• feature/2, set feature/2

These are replaced by the ISO compliant current prolog flag/2 and

set prolog flag/2. The library backcomp provides deﬁnitions for these predicates, so

no source must be updated.

• Accessing command-line arguments

This used to be provided by the undocumented ’$argv’/1 and Quintus compatible library

unix/1. Now there is also documented current prolog flag(argv, Argv).

• dup stream/2

Has been deleted. New stream-aliases can deal with most of the problems for which

dup stream/2 was designed and dup/2 from the clib package can with most others.

• op/3

Operators are now local to modules. This implies any modiﬁcation of the operator-table does

not inﬂuence other modules. This is consistent with the proposed ISO behaviour and a necessity

to have any usable handling of operators in a multi-threaded environment.

• set prolog ﬂag(character escapes, Bool)

This Prolog ﬂag is now an interface to changing attributes on the current source-module, effec-

tively making this ﬂag module-local as well. This is required for consistent handling of sources

written with ISO (obligatory) character-escape sequences together with old Edinburgh code.

• current stream/3 and stream position

These predicates have been moved to quintus.

1.6.12 Version 3.4 Release Notes

The 3.4 release is a consolidation release. It consolidates the improvements and standard conformance

of the 3.3 releases. This version is closely compatible with the 3.3 version except for one important

change:

SWI-Prolog 5.6 Reference Manual

18 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

• Argument order in select/3

The list-processing predicate select/3 somehow got into a very early version of SWI-Prolog

with the wrong argument order. This has been ﬁxed in 3.4.0. The correct order is select(?Elem,

?List, ?Rest).

As select/3 has no error conditions, runtime checking cannot be done. To simplify debug-

ging, the library module checkselect will print references to select/3 in your source

code and install a version of select that enters the debugger if select is called and the second

argument is not a list.

This library can be loaded explicitly or by calling check old select/0.

1.6.13 Version 4.0 Release Notes

As of version 4.0 the standard distribution of SWI-Prolog is bundled with a number of its popular

extension packages, among which the now open source XPCE GUI toolkit (see section 1.5). No

signiﬁcant changes have been made to the basic SWI-Prolog engine.

Some useful tricks in the integrated environment:

• Register the GUI tracer

Using a call to guitracer/0, hooks are installed that replace the normal command-line

driven tracer with a graphical front-end.

• Register PceEmacs for editing ﬁles

From your initialisation ﬁle. you can load emacs/swi prolog that cause edit/1 to use

the built-in PceEmacs editor.

1.6.14 Version 5.0 Release Notes

Version 5.0 marks a breakpoint in the philosophy, where SWI-Prolog moves from a dual

GPL/proprietary to a uniform LGPL (Lesser GNU Public Licence) schema, providing a widely usable

Free Source Prolog implementation.

On the technical site the development environment, consisting of source-level debugger, integrated

editor and various analysis and navigation tools progress steadily towards a mature set of tools.

Many portability issues have been improved, including a port to MacOS X (Darwin).

For details, please visit the new website at http://www.swi-prolog.org

1.6.15 Version 5.1 Release Notes

Version 5.1 is a beta-serie introducing portable multi-threading. See chapter 8. In addition it intro-

duces many new facilities to support server applications, such as the new rlimit library to limit

system resources and the possibility to set timeouts on input streams.

1.6.16 Version 5.2 Release Notes

Version 5.2 consolidates the 5.1.x beta series that introduced threading and many related modiﬁcations

to the kernel.

SWI-Prolog 5.6 Reference Manual

1.7. DONATE TO THE SWI-PROLOG PROJECT 19

1.6.17 Version 5.3 Release Notes

Version 5.3.x is a development series for adding coroutining, constraints, global variables, cyclic terms

(inﬁnite trees) and other goodies to the kernel. The package JPL, providing a bidirectional Java/Prolog

interface is added to the common source-tree and common binary packages.

1.6.18 Version 5.4 Release Notes

Version 5.4 consolidates the 5.3.x beta series.

1.6.19 Version 5.5 Release Notes

Version 5.5.x provides support for wide characters with UTF-8 and UNICODE I/O (section 2.17.1).

On both 32 and 64-bit hardware Prolog integers are now at minimum 64-bit integers. If available,

SWI-Prolog arithmetic uses the GNU GMP library to provided unbounded integer arithmetic as well

as rational arithmetic. Adding GMP support is sponsored by Scientiﬁc Software and Systems Limited,

www.sss.co.nz. This version also incorporates clp(r) by Christian Holzbaur, brought to SWI-

Prolog by Tom Schrijvers and Leslie De Koninck (section A.8).

1.6.20 Version 5.6 Release Notes

Version 5.6 consolidates the 5.5.x beta series.

1.7 Donate to the SWI-Prolog project

If you are happy with SWI-Prolog, you care it to be around for much longer while it becomes faster,

more stable and with more features you should consider to donate to the SWI-Prolog foundation.

Please visit the page below.

http://www.swi-prolog.org/donate.html

1.8 Acknowledgements

Some small parts of the Prolog code of SWI-Prolog are modiﬁed versions of the corresponding Edin-

burgh C-Prolog code: grammar rule compilation and writef/2. Also some of the C-code originates

from C-Prolog: ﬁnding the path of the currently running executable and some of the code underlying

absolute file name/2. Ideas on programming style and techniques originate from C-Prolog

and Richard O’Keefe’s thief editor. An important source of inspiration are the programming tech-

niques introduced by Anjo Anjewierden in PCE version 1 and 2.

I also would like to thank those who had the fade of using the early versions of this system, sug-

gested extensions or reported bugs. Among them are Anjo Anjewierden, Huub Knops, Bob Wielinga,

Wouter Jansweijer, Luc Peerdeman, Eric Nombden, Frank van Harmelen, Bert Rengel.

Martin Jansche (jansche@novell1.gs.uni-heidelberg.de) has been so kind to reor-

ganise the sources for version 2.1.3 of this manual.

Horst von Brand has been so kind to ﬁx many typos in the 2.7.14 manual. Thanks!

Bart Demoen and Tom Schrijvers have helped me adding coroutining, constraints, global variables

and support for cyclic terms to the kernel. Tom has provided the integer interval constraint solver, the

CHR compiler and some of the coroutining predicates.

SWI-Prolog 5.6 Reference Manual

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